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Igura K, Zhang X, Takahashi K, Mitsuru A, Yamaguchi S, Takahashi TA. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells from chorionic villi of human placenta. Cytotherapy. 2004;6:543–53. doi: 10.1080/14653240410005366.
Even though this CD burning software is exclusively for Mac, anything you burn with this program can be shared with different operating systems. Burn also converts video and audio files to the correct format, and you can customize the size and quality. a b Haeryfar SM, Hoskin DW (2004). "Thy-1: more than a mouse pan-T cell marker". J. Immunol. 173 (6): 3581–8. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3581. PMID 15356100. Hagood JS, Prabhakaran P, Kumbla P, Salazar L, Macewen MW, Barker TH, et al. Loss of fibroblast Thy-1 expression correlates with lung fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol. 2005;167:365–79. Nervous tissue: Thy-1 expression in the nervous system is predominantly neuronal, but some glial cells also express Thy-1 especially at later stages of their differentiation. One study compared Thy-1 expression in four human neuronal cell lines, two neuroglial cell lines, and fresh tumor cells of neuronal origin and found three of the four neuronal cell lines, all of the neuroglial cell lines, and 80% of the tumors to be strongly positive for Thy-1. [9] Brain part specific ELISA reports are available which show highest concentrations of Thy-1 protein in the striatum and hippocampus, followed by the neocortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, and the retina and optic nerve. Thy-1 promoter has often been assumed to be "brain specific". "Neuron specific" mouse Thy-1 promoter has been used to drive "brain specific" forced expression of proteins e.g. mutated Amyloid precursor protein(APP) as transgenic animal models of Alzheimer's disease. [10] Thy-1 expression in the brain is developmentally regulated. Thy-1 levels in the neonatal rat brain, as well as the developing human brain, are low compared to adult brain. During the first few weeks of postnatal development, Thy-1 levels increase exponentially as the brain matures. Kadivar M, Khatami S, Mortazavi Y, Taghikhani M, Shokrgozar MA. Multilineage differentiation activity by the human umbilical vein-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Iran Biomed J. 2006;10:175–84.Thy-1 expression varies between species. Amongst the cells reported to generally express Thy-1 are thymocytes (precursor of T cells in the thymus) & CD34(+) prothymocytes; neurons, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, NK cells, murine T-cells, endothelium (mainly in high endothelial venules or HEVs where diapedesis takes place), renal glomerular mesangial cells, circulating metastatic melanoma cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDC), a fraction of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts.
Several functions of CD90 have been described so far in physiological and pathological processes ( Figure 1F). Most of these functions involve CD90 interactions with ligands such as integrins αv/β3, αx/β2, syndecan-4, CD90 itself, and CD97 ( Wandel et al., 2012; Kong et al., 2013; Leyton and Hagood, 2014). CD90 plays a role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, with specific implications in the regulation of axon growth and nerve regeneration, T cell activation and apoptosis, leukocytes and melanoma cell adhesion and migration, fibroblast proliferation and migration in wound healing, inflammation and fibrosis. These functions were already extensively reviewed in Rege and Hagood (2006); Barker and Hagood (2009); Bradley et al. (2009); Leyton and Hagood (2014), and will not be developed further here. Rather, we will focus on CD90 expression and functions in cancers. Diverse Roles of CD90 in Cancers CD90 Expression in Various Cancer Types The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate Saalbach A, Anderegg U, Bruns M, Schnabel E, Hermann K, Haustein U. Novel fibroblast-specific monoclonal antibodies: properties and specificities. Soc Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:1314–9. Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.The function of Thy-1 has not yet been fully elucidated. It has speculated roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, with implication in neurite outgrowth, nerve regeneration, apoptosis, metastasis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Marini FC, Krause DS, Deans RJ, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8:315–7. doi: 10.1080/14653240600855905. You can typically locate the program by navigating to your computer’s Start Menu and searching for it. However, you can create a desktop shortcut to streamline your process.• In the Power2Go main menu, select the type of disc you would like to create.
As our two recent studies independently demonstrated that CD90 and IRE1 could regulate GBM migration/invasion features, specific functional connections between these two proteins were considered herein. For instance, when tumors developed in mouse brain in our orthotopic mouse model, similar features of tumor infiltration, i.e., small but highly invasive tumors have been observed in CD90 expressing ( Avril et al., 2017a) and IRE1 defective (Dominant Negative, DN; Auf et al., 2010) U87 cells. Due to its RNase activity, one could speculate that a functional regulatory link might exist between IRE1 and CD90 which in turn could therefore impact on GBM CD90-dependent migration. Ongoing studies from our laboratory aim at directly investigating the link between CD90 and IRE1 activity. Preliminary data indicate that ER stress inducers (such as tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and dithiothreitol) decrease the expression of cell surface CD90 in GBM cells. Intriguingly, transient expression of IRE1 defective form (DN) in U251 cells also decreased membrane CD90 expression, underlining a complex regulatory mechanism occurring between ER stress sensors (including IRE1) and CD90. Importantly, applying our recent classification of GBM patients according to IRE1 gene signature on the GBM TCGA cohort, we observed that tumors with high IRE1 activity expressed higher levels CD90 mRNA than tumors exhibiting low IRE1 activity. Importantly, this could be applied to others cancer types including renal and pancreas ( Figure 3B). Furthermore, a CD90 associated gene signature described in Avril et al. (2017a) was also associated with IRE1 activity. Overall, these observations highlight the potential effect of IRE activity on CD90 expression and its potential role in functions linked to tumor migration/invasion. Interestingly, IRE1 has already been associated with molecules involved in cell migration, i.e., by controlling SPARC expression ( Dejeans et al., 2012) and interacting directly with filamin A ( Urra et al., 2018). Further functional and molecular studies are needed to better understand the connections between CD90 and IRE1 in cancer development, and in particular migration and invasion ( Figure 3C). Conclusion During tumor invasion/migration, dramatic changes occur in cells present within the compact tumor core to become single migrating cells, these transformations are described as the EMT throughout which, cells lose their cell-cell junctions, change their morphology and modify their functions leading to cell trans/de-differentiation ( Friedl and Wolf, 2003; Thiery et al., 2009). Tumor development and aggressiveness including invasion and EMT were recently linked to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress signaling ( Dejeans et al., 2015; Urra et al., 2016), a topic that we will further document in the next sections. Since both the signaling response triggered to cope with ER stress [also named Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)] and CD90 expression promote tumor migration, we hypothesize that CD90 and the UPR could be somehow functionally linked to control tumor cell invasive. An Overview on UPR and Its Sensors Burn Inspector Tool: Easily change settings such as file permissions, the disc icon, and file dates James AW. Review of signaling pathways governing MSC osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Scientifica. 2013;2013:1–17. doi: 10.1155/2013/684736. Maleki M, Ghanbarvand F, Behvarz MR, Ejtemaei M, Ghadirkhomi E. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cell markers in multiple human adult stem cells. Int J Stem Cells. 2014;7:118–26.HCC cells were identified via high throughput microarray assay. Materials and methods Ethics statement Yu J, Wang Y, Deng Z, Tang L, Li Y, Shi J, et al. Odontogenic capability: bone marrow stromal stem cells versus dental pulp stem cells. Biol Cell. 2007;99:465–74. Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2002;13:4279–95. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E02.
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