Maternale

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We selected double-blind randomised efficacy and safety trials of aP vaccines in children up to six years old, with active follow-up of participants and laboratory verification of pertussis cases. We then use this framework to make predictions about the conditions under which the presence of fetal cells should have positive or negative effects on maternal health. If immunity to pertussis in parents is maintained or boosted, 35%-55% of infant cases could be prevented. The framework we propose here predicts that fetal cells should be more common in tissues that are the site of resource transfers (e.

The prospect of an escalating conflict between fetal cells and maternal tissues, especially in the context of maternal immune targeting of fetal cells, may contribute to maternal disease after pregnancy.Placentas exhibit a high degree of diversity in physiology and morphology 25, and some of this placental diversity has been proposed to be the evolutionary consequence of ongoing conflict between mother and offspring over resource transfer 4. The transfer of these cells is asymmetrical, with more fetal cells being transferred to the mother than vice versa 6. Both, IgG and IgA throughout pregnancy decreased to a level of 60-70% (37-41 WG) of the initial concentration in early pregnancy.

In healthy women, male DNA was detected in the mammary glands of more than half of women sampled 53. Fetal cells increase in frequency in the maternal body with increasing gestational age 7, 8 and have been identified in maternal blood and tissues for decades following birth 9, 10. Infants of 141 TdaP5/IPV-vaccinated mothers in Southern England immunized with DTaP5/IPV/Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib-TT) vaccine at 2-3-4 months, 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13, CRM-conjugated) at 2-4 months and 1 or 2 meningococcal C vaccine (MCC-CRM- or MCC-TT) doses at 3-4 months had blood samples taken at 2 and/or 5 months of age. Fetal cells have been found at the sites of inflammation and are associated with many autoimmune diseases. The monthly total of confirmed cases peaked in October, 2012 (1565 cases), and subsequently fell across all age groups.We use the WP-Statistics plugin to keep track of visitor numbers, the country they are browsing from, which browser they are using and which pages referred them to fipresci.

This resource transfer may be mutually beneficially for both maternal and offspring fitness interests, or fetal manipulation may push maternal tissues beyond the maternal optimum 2 leading to conflict over resource allocation. and that in these tissues, the presence of fetal cells may be associated with poorer health outcomes for the mother.

This leads to the prediction that the capacity of the maternal immune system to limit the abundance of fetal cells may have positive impacts on maternal health. Antibody responses to pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae 2 + 3 (FIMs), diphtheria, tetanus, Hib, MCC and PCV13 serotypes were compared to responses in a historical cohort of 246 infants born to mothers not vaccinated in pregnancy.