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The results of this study suggest that potato may have the same expression specificity as other plants where PAL has been studied. The results showed that there were many urediospores on the leaves of silent plants compared with the control group ( Figure9). The naming of plants is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants [32] and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Dong CJ, Shang QM (2013) Genome-wide characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Agriculture includes agronomy for arable crops, horticulture for vegetables and fruit, and forestry for timber.

Fertilization takes place within the carpels or ovaries, which develop into fruits that contain seeds. Under the three stress conditions, the expression levels of ten TaPALs (TaPAL3, TaPAL10, TaPAL13, TaPAL14, TaPAL17, TaPAL30, TaPAL31, TaPAL32, TaPAL42, TaPAL48) were highly induced. Phylogenomic analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) multigene family and their differential expression analysis in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. The TaPAL proteins have different physical and chemical properties, acid base, molecular weight and coding length, indicating that TaPALs have a high genetic diversity. The top three associations with PAL1 and PAL2 are Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-Coumarate: Coenzyme A Ligase (4CL1, 4CL2, 4CL3), and HISN6B.

Modern medicines derived from plants include aspirin, taxol, morphine, quinine, reserpine, colchicine, digitalis and vincristine. Payyavula RS, Navarre DA, Kuhl JC, Pantoja A, Pillai SS (2012) Differential effects of environment on potato phenylpropanoid and carotenoid expression. Paralogs were defined as genes derived from a single gene that was repeated within the genome ( Zhang etal.

In addition to its essential role in plant growth and development, PAL is also a key enzyme in plant stress responses.By the definition used in this article, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (green plants), which consists of the green algae and the embryophytes or land plants ( hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, conifers and other gymnosperms, and flowering plants). Different genes can be responsible for crown rot resistance at different developmental stages of wheat and barley.

Analysis of conserved motifs showed that TaPAL protein domains were distributed in almost all of the 54 members. The results showed that 31 genes were up-regulated and one gene was down-regulated after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum, 11 genes were up-regulated and 14 genes were down-regulated after inoculation with Puccinia striiformis, and 32 up-regulated and three down-regulated genes after inoculation with powdery mildew. Chromosome mapping showed that 54 TaPAL genes were unevenly distributed on 16 chromosomes of common wheat ( Figure3 and Supplementary file 5). In AtPAL, the polar Thr residue is replaced by the nonpolar residue Ala, and in StPAL8, Thr is replaced by Ile. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the versatility of the PAL gene family and provide a valuable reference for further genetic improvement of the potato.In this study, 54 PAL genes were identified from the whole genome of wheat, and their phylogenesis, chromosome distribution, conserved cis-acting elements and gene expression profile under biotic stress were characterized.