Imagine You Are An Aluminum Atom: Discussions With Mr. Aluminum

Product Information

World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR, ed. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/44053 . ISBN 9789241547659. The names aluminium and aluminum are derived from the word alumine, an obsolete term for alumina, [j] a naturally occurring oxide of aluminium. [113] Alumine was borrowed from French, which in turn derived it from alumen, the classical Latin name for alum, the mineral from which it was collected. [114] The Latin word alumen stems from the Proto-Indo-European root *alu- meaning "bitter" or "beer". [115] 1897 American advertisement featuring the aluminum spelling Origins

As Wöhler's method could not yield great quantities of aluminium, the metal remained rare; its cost exceeded that of gold. [82] The first industrial production of aluminium was established in 1856 by French chemist Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville and companions. [85] Deville had discovered that aluminium trichloride could be reduced by sodium, which was more convenient and less expensive than potassium, which Wöhler had used. [86] Even then, aluminium was still not of great purity and produced aluminium differed in properties by sample. [87] Because of its electricity-conducting capacity, aluminium was used as the cap of the Washington Monument, completed in 1885. The tallest building in the world at the time, the non-corroding metal cap was intended to serve as a lightning rod peak. All other isotopes of aluminium are radioactive. The most stable of these is 26Al: while it was present along with stable 27Al in the interstellar medium from which the Solar System formed, having been produced by stellar nucleosynthesis as well, its half-life is only 717,000years and therefore a detectable amount has not survived since the formation of the planet. [12] However, minute traces of 26Al are produced from argon in the atmosphere by spallation caused by cosmic ray protons. The ratio of 26Al to 10Be has been used for radiodating of geological processes over 10 5 to 10 6year time scales, in particular transport, deposition, sediment storage, burial times, and erosion. [13] Most meteorite scientists believe that the energy released by the decay of 26Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.55billion years ago. [14] Because of its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium is almost never found in the elemental state; instead it is found in oxides or silicates. Feldspars, the most common group of minerals in the Earth's crust, are aluminosilicates. Aluminium also occurs in the minerals beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise. [63] Impurities in Al 2O 3, such as chromium and iron, yield the gemstones ruby and sapphire, respectively. [64] Native aluminium metal is extremely rare and can only be found as a minor phase in low oxygen fugacity environments, such as the interiors of certain volcanoes. [65] Native aluminium has been reported in cold seeps in the northeastern continental slope of the South China Sea. It is possible that these deposits resulted from bacterial reduction of tetrahydroxoaluminate Al(OH) 4 −. [66]The Advisory Group have considered the recent guardian press coverage of Dr Chris Exley's research and the link to anti-vaccination. Dr Exley's views on this area have been an ongoing area of concern for the University leadership, as although the scientific research he conducts is adequate; his conclusions and publicised views are less compelling and have limited academic integrity.’ Mesin dan peralatan (peralatan pengolahan, pipa, alat). Aluminium digunakan karena ketahanan terhadap korosi, sifat non-piroforik, dan kekuatan mekaniknya. Lithium menjadikan paduan aluminium mengalami pengurangan massa jenis dan peningkatan modulus elastisitas; hingga konsentrasi sebesar 4% lithium, setiap penambahan 1% lithium akan mengurangi massa jenis paduan sebanyak 3% dan peningkatan modulus elastisitas sebesar 5%. Namun aluminium-lithium tidak lagi diproduksi akibat tingkat reaktivitas lithium yang tinggi yang dapat meningkatkan biaya keselamatan kerja. Penggunaan terkait listrik (paduan penghantar, motor dan generator, transformator, kapasitor, dll.). Aluminium digunakan karena harganya yang relatif murah, konduktivitas listrik yang tinggi, kekuatan mekanik yang memadai, densitas rendah, dan ketahanan terhadap korosi.

The remaining isotopes of aluminium, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 43, all have half-lives well under an hour. Three metastable states are known, all with half-lives under a minute. [9] Electron shell The nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested alum was a salt of an earth of alum. [73] In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius experimentally confirmed this. [74] In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann announced his belief that the base of alum was a distinct earth. [75] In 1754, German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized alumina by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and subsequently adding potash. [75]Aluminium merupakan konduktor listrik yang baik. Ringan dan kuat. Merupakan konduktor yang baik juga buat panas. Dapat ditempa menjadi lembaran, ditarik menjadi kawat dan di ekstrusi menjadi batangan dengan bermacam-macam penampang. Tahan korosi. Lyle, J.P.; Granger, D.A.; Sanders, R.E. (2005). "Aluminum Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a01_481. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. Besi (Fe) juga kerap kali muncul dalam aluminium paduan sebagai suatu "kecelakaan". Kehadiran besi umumnya terjadi ketika pengecoran dengan menggunakan cetakan besi yang tidak dilapisi batuan kapur atau keramik. Efek kehadiran Fe dalam paduan adalah berkurangnya kekuatan tensil secara signifikan, tetapi diikuti dengan penambahan kekerasan dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil. Dalam paduan 10% silikon, keberadaan Fe sebesar 2,08% mengurangi kekuatan tensil dari 217 hingga 78 MPa, dan menambah skala Brinnel dari 62 hingga 70. Hal ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya kristal Fe-Al-X, dengan X adalah paduan utama aluminium selain Fe. Penambahan skandium ke aluminium membatasi pemuaian yang terjadi pada paduan, baik ketika pengelasan maupun ketika paduan berada di lingkungan yang panas. Paduan ini semakin jarang diproduksi, karena terdapat paduan lain yang lebih murah dan lebih mudah diproduksi dengan karakteristik yang sama, yaitu paduan titanium. Paduan Al-Sc pernah digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat pesawat tempur Rusia, MIG, dengan konsentrasi Sc antara 0,1-0,5% (Zaki, 2003, dan Schwarz, 2004).