How Britain Ends: English Nationalism and the Rebirth of Four Nations

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Eltis, David, and Stanley L. Engerman. "The importance of slavery and the slave trade to industrializing Britain." Journal of Economic History 60.1 (2000): 123-144. online From before Roman times, slavery was prevalent in Britain, with indigenous Britons being routinely exported. [18] [19] Following the Roman conquest of Britain, slavery was expanded and industrialised. [20] a b Gillingham, John (Summer 2014), "French chivalry in twelfth-century Britain?", The Historian, pp.8–9

How Britain Ends: English Nationalism and the Rebirth o…

Wealth of ports and merchants - Slave trade and the British economy - Higher History Revision". BBC Bitesize . Retrieved 23 April 2021. Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2004). "Death of Pope Gregory the Great". History Today . Retrieved 19 September 2022. Jones, Heather Rose (2001). "Cornish (and Other) Personal Names from the 10th Century Bodmin Manumissions" . Retrieved 18 May 2017. Transportation to the colonies as a criminal or an indentured servant served as punishment for both great and petty crimes in England from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. [36] A sentence could be for life or for a specific period. The penal system required convicts to work on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or assigned them to free individuals as unpaid labour. Women were expected to work as domestic servants and farm labourers. Like slaves, indentured servants could be bought and sold, could not marry without the permission of their owner, were subject to physical punishment, and saw their obligation to labour enforced by the courts. However, they did retain certain heavily restricted rights; this contrasts with slaves who had none. [37] The campaign to end slavery coincided with the uprisings of the French Revolution and the retaliation of enslaved communities in the British colonies. Revolution in Saint DomingueBarbara Solow and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., British capitalism and Caribbean slavery: The legacy of Eric Williams (Cambridge University Press, 2004) Historians and economists have debated the economic effects of slavery for Great Britain and the North American colonies. Some analysts, such as Eric Williams, suggest that it allowed the formation of capital that financed the Industrial Revolution, [78] although the evidence is inconclusive. Slave labour was integral to early settlement of the colonies, which needed more people for labour and other work. Also, slave labour produced the major consumer goods that were the basis of world trade during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacco. Slavery was far more important to the profitability of plantations and the economy in the American South; and the slave trade and associated businesses were important to both New York and New England. [79]

Book review: How Britain Ends, by Gavin Esler - The Scotsman

Jessica Brain is a freelance writer specialising in history. Based in Kent and a lover of all things historical.

Legacies of transatlantic slavery

Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case". National Archives of Scotland . Retrieved 27 November 2010.