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In the mid-afternoon of 30 April, Adolf Hitler shot himself. [268] Goebbels was depressed, and said he would walk around the Chancellery garden until he was killed by the Russian shelling. [269] Voss later recounted Goebbels as saying: "It is a great pity that such a man [Hitler] is not with us any longer. But there is nothing to be done. For us, everything is lost now and the only way out left for us is the one Hitler chose. I shall follow his example." [270]

Bramsted, Ernest (1965). Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda, 1925–1945. Michigan State University Press. Snell, John L. (1959). The Nazi Revolution: Germany's Guilt Or Germany's Fate?. Boston: Heath & Co. OCLC 504833477. When other Nazi leaders urged Hitler to leave Berlin and establish a new centre of resistance in the National Redoubt in Bavaria, Goebbels opposed this, arguing for a heroic last stand in Berlin. [247] His family (except for Magda's son Harald, who had served in the Luftwaffe and been captured by the Allies) moved into their house in Berlin to await the end. [244] He and Magda may have discussed suicide and the fate of their young children in a long meeting on the night of 27 January. [248] He knew how the outside world would view the criminal acts committed by the regime and had no desire to subject himself to the "debacle" of a trial. [249] He burned his private papers on the night of 18 April. [250]Fidgeting is a common occurrence for kids, especially when they are trying to focus or sit still for long periods of time. While some fidgets can be disruptive, there are many ways to use fidgets effectively so that they can help kids focus and stay on task. The following are some ideas for DIY fidgets that can be used in the classroom or at home: Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2012). Albrecht, Herbert; Hüttmann, H. Wilhelm (eds.). Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and their Deputies, 1925–1945. Bender. ISBN 978-1-932970-21-0.

Like Hitler, Goebbels practised his public speaking skills in front of a mirror. Meetings were preceded by ceremonial marches and singing, and the venues were decorated with party banners. His entrance (almost always late) was timed for maximum emotional impact. Goebbels usually meticulously planned his speeches ahead of time, using pre-planned and choreographed inflection and gestures, but he was also able to improvise and adapt his presentation to make a good connection with his audience. [65] [64] He used loudspeakers, decorative flames, uniforms, and marches to attract attention to speeches. [66] Goebbels returned home and worked as a private tutor. He also found work as a journalist and was published in the local newspaper. His writing during that time reflected his growing antisemitism and dislike for modern culture. In the summer of 1922, he met and began a love affair with Else Janke, a schoolteacher. [23] After she revealed to him that she was half-Jewish, Goebbels stated the "enchantment [was] ruined." [24] Nevertheless, he continued to see her on and off until 1927. [25] In a move to manipulate Germany's middle class and shape popular opinion, the regime passed on 4 October 1933 the Schriftleitergesetz (Editor's Law), which became the cornerstone of the Nazi Party's control of the popular press. [128] Modelled to some extent on the system in Benito Mussolini's Italy, the law defined a Schriftleiter as anyone who wrote, edited, or selected texts and/or illustrated material for serial publication. Individuals selected for this position were chosen based on experiential, educational, and racial criteria. [129] The law required journalists to "regulate their work in accordance with National Socialism as a philosophy of life and as a conception of government." [130]Hale, Oron J. (1973). The Captive Press in the Third Reich. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00770-5. Datenbank der deutschen Parlamentsabgeordneten. Basis: Parlamentsalmanache/Reichstagshandbücher 1867–1938". www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de . Retrieved 18 September 2020. Misch, Rochus (2014) [2008]. Hitler's Last Witness: The Memoirs of Hitler's Bodyguard. London: Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-848-32749-8. Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle. London: Battle of Britain International (61). In 1933, Hitler signed the Reichskonkordat (Reich Concordat), a treaty with the Vatican that required the regime to honour the independence of Catholic institutions and prohibited clergy from involvement in politics. [155] However, the regime continued to target the Christian churches to weaken their influence. Throughout 1935 and 1936, hundreds of clergy and nuns were arrested, often on trumped up charges of currency smuggling or sexual offences. [156] [157] Goebbels widely publicised the trials in his propaganda campaigns, showing the cases in the worst possible light. [156] Restrictions were placed on public meetings, and Catholic publications faced censorship. Catholic schools were required to reduce religious instruction and crucifixes were removed from state buildings. [158] [b] Hitler often vacillated on whether or not the Kirchenkampf (church struggle) should be a priority, but his frequent inflammatory comments on the issue were enough to convince Goebbels to intensify his work on the issue; [159] in February 1937 he stated he wanted to eliminate the Protestant church. [160]

Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6. Goebbels was educated at a Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur (university entrance examination) in 1917. [8] He was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honour to speak at the awards ceremony. [9] His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest, which Goebbels seriously considered. [10] He studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, [11] aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society. [12] By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church. [13] Later on 1 May, Voss saw Goebbels for the last time: "While saying goodbye I asked Goebbels to join us. But he replied: 'The captain must not leave his sinking ship. I have thought about it all and decided to stay here. I have nowhere to go because with little children I will not be able to make it, especially with a leg like mine'." [273] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels arranged for an SS dentist, Helmut Kunz, to inject his six children with morphine so that when they were unconscious, an ampule of a cyanide compound could be then crushed in each of their mouths. [274] According to Kunz's later testimony, he gave the children morphine injections but Magda Goebbels and SS- Obersturmbannführer Ludwig Stumpfegger, Hitler's personal doctor, administered the cyanide. [274]The Nazi Party's goal was to remove Jews from German cultural and economic life, and eventually to remove them from the country altogether. [171] In addition to his propaganda efforts, Goebbels actively promoted the persecution of the Jews through pogroms, legislation, and other actions. [172] Discriminatory measures he instituted in Berlin in the early years of the regime included bans against their using public transport and requiring that Jewish shops be marked as such. [173] Goebbels continued his intensive antisemitic propaganda campaign that culminated in Hitler's 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech, which Goebbels helped to write: [176] Woman in Berlin wearing the yellow star At the end of June 1934, top officials of the SA and opponents of the regime, including Gregor Strasser, were arrested and killed in a purge later called the Night of Long Knives. Goebbels was present at the arrest of SA leader Ernst Röhm in Munich. [131] On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. In a radio broadcast, Goebbels announced that the offices of president and chancellor had been combined, and Hitler had been formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). [132] Workings of the Ministry [ edit ] In 1943, Goebbels began to pressure Hitler to introduce measures that would produce " total war", including closing businesses not essential to the war effort, conscripting women into the labour force, and enlisting men in previously exempt occupations into the Wehrmacht. Hitler finally appointed him as Reich Plenipotentiary for Total War on 23 July 1944, whereby Goebbels undertook largely unsuccessful measures to increase the number of people available for armaments manufacture and the Wehrmacht. Joseph Goebbels with family. Picture 146-1978-086-03". Bundesarchiv. 1940–1942 . Retrieved 9 August 2020.

At Hitler's invitation, Goebbels spoke at party meetings in Munich and at the annual Party Congress, held in Weimar in 1926. [55] For the following year's event, Goebbels was involved in the planning for the first time. He and Hitler arranged for the rally to be filmed. [56] Receiving praise for doing well at these events led Goebbels to shape his political ideas to match Hitler's, and to admire and idolise him even more. [57] Gauleiter [ edit ]Goebbels converted the 1 May holiday from a celebration of workers' rights (observed as such especially by the communists) into a day celebrating the Nazi Party. In place of the usual ad hoc labour celebrations, he organised a huge party rally held at Tempelhof Field in Berlin. The following day, all trade union offices in the country were forcibly disbanded by the SA and SS, and the Nazi-run German Labour Front was created to take their place. [120] "We are the masters of Germany," he commented in his diary entry of 3 May. [121] Less than two weeks later, he gave a speech at the Nazi book burning in Berlin on 10 May, [122] a ceremony he suggested. [66]