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In the decades-long process of European integration, the UK was a founding member of the Western European Union, established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities (EC). In a 1975 referendum 67% voted to stay in it. [113] When the EC became the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding member states.
The European Federalist Party was a pro-European, pan-European and federalist political party from 2011 to 2016 which advocated further integration of the European Union. Since 1998, Northern Ireland has a devolved government, the Executive, and legislature, the Assembly. Elections to the Assembly use the single transferable vote system. The Executive and Assembly have powers similar to those devolved to Scotland. The Executive is led by a diarchy representing unionist and nationalist members of the Assembly. [204] The Island of Ireland has a turbulent and violent modern political history, a period referred to as the Troubles. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement acts as a de facto constitution for Northern Ireland. Local government in Northern Ireland since 2015 has been divided between 11 councils with limited responsibilities. [192] Constitutional arrangement Italy to push for 'United States of Europe' when it holds the EU presidency". Telegraph.co.uk. 22 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 . Retrieved 30 December 2014. Main articles: Climate of the United Kingdom and Climate change in the United Kingdom Köppen climate types of the UK
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Main articles: Treaty of Union and Kingdom of Great Britain The Treaty of Union led to a united kingdom of all of Great Britain. Webber, Douglas (6 February 2015). "Why Europe Must Be Classed As A Declining Power". Social Europe. This list of European countries by population comprises the 51 countries and 5 territories and dependencies in Europe, broadly defined, including Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, and the countries of the Caucasus.
In the 18th century, cabinet government developed under Robert Walpole, in practice the first prime minister (1721–1742). A series of Jacobite uprisings sought to remove the Protestant House of Hanover from the throne and restore the Catholic House of Stuart. The Jacobites were finally defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, after which the Scottish Highlanders were forcibly assimilated into Scotland by revoking the feudal independence of clan chiefs. The British colonies in North America that broke away in the American War of Independence became the United States, recognised by Britain in 1783. British imperial ambition turned towards Asia, particularly to India. [72] We see nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European commonality. But we have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked but not compromised. We are interested and associated but not absorbed. [21] The term "Great Britain" conventionally refers to the island of Great Britain, or politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination. [41] It is sometimes used as a loose synonym for the United Kingdom as a whole. [42] The word England is occasionally used incorrectly to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole, a mistake principally made by people from outside the UK. [43] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Europe is shared by 50 countries. By the conventional definition, there are 44 sovereign states or nations in Europe. Not included are several countries namely Turkey, which occupies only a small part of East Thrace on the European Balkan Peninsula.Main articles: Northern Ireland Assembly, Northern Ireland Executive, Local government in Northern Ireland, and The Troubles
Settlement by Cro-Magnons of what was to become the United Kingdom occurred in waves beginning by about 30,000 years ago. [53] By the end of the region's prehistoric period, the population is thought to have belonged largely to a culture termed Insular Celtic, comprising Brittonic Britain and Gaelic Ireland. [54] The Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset, are a well-preserved thermae from Roman Britain. An estimated 747 million people live in Europe. The most populous country in Europe is the European part of Russia with a population of 110 million people, followed by Germany with 83 million citizens, and Metropolitan France with 67 million inhabitants (in 2020).
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Most of the United Kingdom has a temperate climate, with generally cool temperatures and plentiful rainfall all year round. [137] The temperature varies with the seasons seldom dropping below 0 °C (32 °F) or rising above 30°C (86°F). [144] Some parts, away from the coast, of upland England, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of Scotland, experience a subpolar oceanic climate ( Cfc). Higher elevations in Scotland experience a continental subarctic climate ( Dfc) and the mountains experience a tundra climate ( ET). [145] As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 2nd out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index. [149] A law has been passed that UK greenhouse gas emissions will be net zero by 2050. [150] Topography Bogumil Terminski, "The Evolution of The Concept of Perpetual Peace in The History of Political-Legal Thought," Perspectivas Internacionales, 2010, p286 However, this changes when it comes to US residents of another nationality. Non-Americans residing in the US, that wish to visit Europe, may need or not need a visa, depending on their nationality.
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