Big Brown Bear

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Mattson, D. J. (1990). "Human impacts on bear habitat use" (PDF). Bears: Their Biology and Management. 8: 33–56. doi: 10.2307/3872901. JSTOR 3872901. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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a b c Egbert, A. L. (1978). The Social Behavior of Brown Bears at McNeil River, Alaska ( Ph.D. thesis). Utah State University. Lan, T.; Gill, S.; Bellemain, E.; Bischof, R.; Zawaz, M. A.; Lindqvist, C. (2017). "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1, 868): 20,171,804. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1804. PMC 5740279. PMID 29187630.

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The world's largest brown bears are found in coastal British Columbia and Alaska, and on islands such as Kodiak. Hibernation and Behavior Hissa, R.; Hohtola, E.; Tuomala-Saramäki, T.; Laine, T. (1998). "Seasonal changes in fatty acids and leptin contents in the plasma of the European brown bear ( Ursus arctos arctos)". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 35 (#4): 215–224. JSTOR 23735612. Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus Ursus, [47] [48] [49] including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene. Kavčič, I.; Adamič, M.; Kaczensky, P.; Krofel, M.; Jerina, K. (2013). "Supplemental feeding with carrion is not reducing brown bear depredations on sheep in Slovenia". Ursus. 24 (#2): 111. doi: 10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00031R1.1. S2CID 85579033. Tsubota, T. & Kanagawa, H. (1993). "Morphological Characteristics of the Ovary, Uterus and Embryo during the Delayed Implantation Period in the Hokkaido Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos yesoensis)". Journal of Reproduction and Development. 39 (#4): 325–331. doi: 10.1262/jrd.39.325. S2CID 84359252.

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bear Anatomy and Physiology from Gary Brown's The Great Bear Almanac, Lyons & Burford, Publishers, 1993 Pazetnov, V.A. & Pazetnov, S.V. (2005). "Female brown bear with six cubs" (PDF). International Bear News. 14 (#2): 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Boscagli, G. (1990). "Marsican brown bear population in central Italy—Status report 1985". Aquilo, Series Zoologica. 27: 81–83. In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010, [82] [83] in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and León, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013 [84]) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (5000–6000), Bulgaria (900–1200), Slovakia (with about 600–800 animals), Slovenia (500–700 animals) and Greece (with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) [85] [86] in the south.

Brannon, R. D. (1987). "Nuisance grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, translocations in the greater Yellowstone area". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 101 (#4): 569–575. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019 . Retrieved 12 December 2016. Miller, CR; Waits, L.P. (2006). "Phylogeography and mitochondrial diversity of extirpated brown bear ( Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States and Mexico". Mol. Ecol. 15 (#14): 4477–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03097.x. PMID 17107477. S2CID 7336900. Brown bears dig dens for winter hibernation, often holing up in a suitable hillside. Females, or she-bears, den while pregnant and give birth during this winter rest, usually to a pair of cubs. Brown bear cubs nurse on their mother's milk until spring and stay with her for some two and a half years—so females only reproduce once every three years. Richardson, Evan; Branigan, Marsha; Paetkau, David; Pongracz, Jodie D. (31 May 2017). "Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic". Arctic. 70 (#2): 151–160. doi: 10.14430/arctic4643. ISSN 1923-1245. Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008). "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 17 (8): 1962–1970. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x. PMID 18363668. S2CID 23361337. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

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Herrero, S.; Hamer, D. (1977). "Courtship and copulation of a pair of grizzly bears, with comments on reproductive plasticity and strategy". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (#3): 441–444. doi: 10.2307/1379352. JSTOR 1379352.Sacco, Tyson; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2004). "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae)". Journal of Zoology. 263: 41. doi: 10.1017/S0952836904004856. Mustoni, A.; Carlini, E.; Chiarenzi, B.; etal. (2003). "Planning the Brown Bear Ursus arctos reintroduction in the Adamello Brenta Natural Park". Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy. 14 (1–2). doi: 10.4404/hystrix-14.1-2-4313.