Big Brown Bear

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Calvignac, S.; Hughes, S.; Tougard, C.; Michaux, J.; Thevenot, M.; Philippe, M.; Hamdine, W.; Hanni, C. (2008). "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 17 (8): 1962–1970. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03631.x. PMID 18363668. S2CID 23361337. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Carnivores of the World by Dr. Luke Hunter. Princeton University Press (2011), ISBN 9780691152288

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Yellowstone Grizzly Bears Eat 40,000 Moths a Day In August". Yellowstonepark.com. 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies, as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies. [28] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Generally, genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are (or their genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, so this can become confusing. Hall (1981) lists 86 different types, and even as many as 90 have been proposed. [29] [30] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears, [31] [32] while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. [33] As of 2005 [update], 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community. [34] [35] How much do you know about Ursus arctos? Here are 13 fun facts about brown bears: 1. Where do brown bears live? The natural habitats of the orangutan, panda, tiger and other DJUNGELSKOG animals are threatened. This concerns many children.

Big Brown Bear

a b Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-691-09160-0. Brown bears communicate by scratching and rubbing on trees to mark their territory and indicate their reproductive status. 4. How long do brown bears hibernate? Herrero, S.; Higgins, A. (2003). "Human injuries inflicted by bears in Alberta: 1960–98". Ursus. 14 (1): 44–54. JSTOR 3872956. Behavior and life history Like all bears, brown bears can stand on their hindlegs and walk for a few steps in this position, usually motivated to do so by curiosity, hunger or alarm Seryodkin, I. (2006). The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin (PhD) (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern National University. pp.1–252. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013.

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Halloran, D. W.; Pearson, A. M. (1972). "Blood chemistry of the brown bear ( Ursus arctos) from southwestern Yukon Territory, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 50 (#6): 827–833. doi: 10.1139/z72-112. PMID 5038730. Robbins, C. T.; Schwartz, C. C.; Felicetti, L. A. (2004). "Nutritional ecology of ursids: A review of newer methods and management implications" (PDF). Ursus. 15 (2): 161–171. doi: 10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0161:NEOUAR>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 54680694. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.As well as the exact number of overall brown bear subspecies, its precise relationship to the polar bear also remains in debate. The polar bear is a recent offshoot of the brown bear. The point at which the polar bear diverged from the brown bear is unclear, with estimations based on genetics and fossils ranging from 400,000 to 70,000 years ago, but most recent analysis has indicated that the polar bear split somewhere between 275,000 and 150,000 years ago. [36] Under some definitions, the brown bear can be construed as the paraspecies for the polar bear. [37] [38] [39] [40] DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent human-caused population fragmentation, [41] brown bears in North America are generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of the population (or subspecies) in the Kodiak Archipelago, which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age. [42] [43] These data demonstrate that U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes. For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears, [44] the morphological distinction seemingly driven by brown bears having access to a rich salmon food source, while grizzly bears live at higher elevation, or further from the coast, where plant material is the base of the diet. The history of the bears of the Alexander Archipelago is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene, but have since been connected with adjacent mainland populations through movement of males, to the point where their nuclear genomes are now more than 90% of brown bear ancestry. [45] a b c Craighead, J. J., Sumner, J. S., & Mitchell, J. A. (1995). "The grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959–1992". Island Press. Smith, Herrero; DeBruyn, Wilde (2008). "Spray more effective than guns against bears: study". North American Bear Center. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.

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Boscagli, G. (1990). "Marsican brown bear population in central Italy—Status report 1985". Aquilo, Series Zoologica. 27: 81–83. Shapiro, Beth; Slatkin, Montgomery; Stirling, Ian; John, John St.; Salamzade, Rauf; Ovsyanikov, Nikita; Jay, Flora; Stiller, Mathias; Fulton, Tara L. (14 March 2013). "Genomic Evidence for Island Population Conversion Resolves Conflicting Theories of Polar Bear Evolution". PLOS Genetics. 9 (3): e1003345. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003345. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3597504. PMID 23516372. Symbols of Montana". Montana Historical Society. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2016.

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Dough O'Hara Polar bears, grizzlies increasingly gather on North Slope. Anchorage Daily News. 24 April 2005 Dahle, B.; Zedrosser, A.; Swenson, J. E. (2006). "Correlates with body size and mass in yearling brown bears ( Ursus arctos)". Journal of Zoology. 269 (#3): 273–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00127.x. Sahajpal, V; Goyal, S. P.; Jayapal, R; Yoganand, K; Thakar, M. K. (2008). "Hair characteristics of four Indian bear species". Science & Justice. 48 (#1): 8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2007.05.001. PMID 18450212.

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a b c d McLellan, Bruce; Reiner, David C. (1994). "A Review of bear evolution" (PDF). Int. Conf. Bear Res. And Manage. 9 (1): 85–96. doi: 10.2307/3872687. JSTOR 3872687. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Mustoni, A.; Carlini, E.; Chiarenzi, B.; etal. (2003). "Planning the Brown Bear Ursus arctos reintroduction in the Adamello Brenta Natural Park". Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy. 14 (1–2). doi: 10.4404/hystrix-14.1-2-4313. They seem to have no altitudinal preferences and have been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 5,000m (16,000ft) (the latter in the Himalayas). [73] In most of their range, brown bears generally seem to prefer semiopen country, with a scattering of vegetation that can allow them a resting spot during the day. However, they have been recorded as inhabiting every variety of northern temperate forest known to occur. [73] Conservation status A Marsican brown bear, with a range restricted to the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park, Italy

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). " Ursus arctos". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rded.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.588–589. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.