The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857

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White, Matthew (2011). Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements. Canongate Books. p.113. ISBN 978-0-85786-125-2. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 19 May 2023. a b c d e f g h i j k l Berndl, Klaus (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. National Geographic Society. pp.318–320. ISBN 978-0-7922-3695-5. The revolt united thousands of Hindu and Muslim troops who chose then-Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar II, as their nominal head.

A more successful invasion came at the end of the 12th century. This eventually led to the formation of the Delhi Sultanate. Princess Sakina Mahal, whose family were the rulers of the Kingdom of Oudh, were once ruling over a mammoth swath of central India. Currently, the p incess Sakina and one prince Riaz, who would both be middle-aged by now, live in Malcha Mahal, a structure that was once a Tughlaq era hunting lodge, and has now disintegrated into a dilapidated building to say the least. Audrey Truschke (2021). the Language of History:Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule. Publisher:Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-55195-3. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 March 2023.

The Mughals adopted and standardised the rupee ( rupiya, or silver) and dam (copper) currencies introduced by Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule. [107] The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils. The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar's time, before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns. [10] The dam's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of Jahangir's reign, and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s. [108] The Mughals minted coins with high purity, never dropping below 96%, and without debasement until the 1720s. [109] The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy.

Rathod, N.G. (1994). The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p.8. ISBN 978-81-85431-52-9. Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, pp.75–, ISBN 978-0-19-066137-3, archived from the original on 22 September 2023 , retrieved 15 July 2019 Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control." The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creating a uniform currency, and the unification of the country. [10] :185–204 The empire had an extensive road network, which was vital to the economic infrastructure, built by a public works department set up by the Mughals which designed, constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire, making trade easier to conduct. [103]An innovation was the amount of autonomy he allowed to the provinces. For example, non-Muslims were not forced to obey Islamic law (as was the case in many Islamic lands), and Hindus were allowed to regulate themselves through their own law and institutions. Akbar and Godism There was savagery on all sides in 1857, while at home Lord Palmerston wanted to see Delhi deleted from the map in reprisal for what had happened there. Atrocities against the British were also committed at Kanpur, where women and children were butchered without mercy, too, which guaranteed the appalling retribution that followed when the rebellion was put down. John Nicholson, who became a cult figure among his native troops (they thought he was an incarnation of Vishnu) and his fellow countrymen, proposed "a bill for the flaying alive, impalement or burning of the murderers of the [British] women and children of Delhi"; and one of his soldiers (a Quaker, no less) habitually bayonetted sepoys while chanting Psalm 116. That's the one that begins "I am well pleased: that the Lord hath heard the voice of my prayer".

Due to the nature of the deposition of the dynasty, after a violent struggle which saw the massacre of the Royals by the British at the end like the cold-blooded murder by British Commander of the sons of the deposed Emperor: Canfield, Robert L. (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p.20. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. Claude Markovits (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950. Anthem Press. pp.172–173. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.a b Dodgson, Marshall G.S. (2009). The Venture of Islam. Vol.3. University of Chicago Press. p.62. ISBN 978-0-226-34688-5.

Fontana, Michela (2011). Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p.32. ISBN 978-1-4422-0588-8. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 19 October 2015. Despite evidence that she is related to the 19th century royal family, Sultana goes about her daily life on a basic pension of around 6000 INR per month, within which she has to cover herself and her six children, five daughters and one son. Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) was born Jalal-ud-din Muhammad [48] in the Rajput Umarkot Fort, [49] to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum, a Persian princess. [50] Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. [ citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. He increased trade with European trading companies. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. [ citation needed] Akbar allowed freedom of religion at his court, and attempted to resolve socio-political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, with strong characteristics of a ruler cult. [43] He left his son an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. [43] The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country. HARSHAW, TOBIN (22 April 2007). "King of Delhi". The New York Times. nytimes.com . Retrieved 22 May 2017.The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757. [140] Historian C. A. Bayly wrote that it was probably the Mughal Empire's wealthiest province. [141] Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks, and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks. [130] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. [10] The closest to an official name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari. [32] Mughal administrative records also refer to the empire as "Land of Hindustan" ( Persian: بِلادِ هِندوستان, romanized: Bilād-i-Hindustān), "Dominions of Hindustan" ( Persian: وِلايَتِ هِندوستان, romanized: Wilāyat-i-Hindustān), [33] or "Sultanate of Al-Hind" ( Arabic: سلطنة الهندية, Saltanat(i) Al-Hindiyyah) as observed in the epithet of emperor Aurangzeb. [34] The contemporary Qing chronicles referred to the Mughal emperors as the "Lords of Hindustan" ( Mandarin: Undustan i noyan). [35] In the west, the term " Mughal" was used for the emperor, and by extension, the empire as a whole. [36]