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For example, the digraph ‘ch’ represents the first syllable in ‘church’ and ‘cheese’, but when used in the words ‘character’ and ‘chorus’ the ‘ch’ diagraph is pronounced differently (a hard ‘c’ or ‘k’ sound), to rhyme with ‘court’. Beneath the Surface of Words: by Sue Hegland https://learningaboutspelling.com/2021/12/07/beneath-the-surface-of-words/

Spelling may also be used to distinguish between English homophones (words with the same pronunciation but different meanings). However, when used in the words ‘Ghana’, ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghost’, the diagraph ‘gh’ rhymes with the ‘g’ in ‘garden’, (a hard ‘g’) because it is used at the start of the word. These kinds of words are called homographs in English orthography because they have different meanings but the same spelling. Hyphenation in English orthography

Rarely, a single letter is used to represent multiple sounds. A useful example of this is the letter ‘x’, which normally represents the two letters ‘ks’ when sounded together, for example in the word ‘expect’. This is one of the most troublesome areas of English orthography and English phonology, where sounds and spellings do not correspond. The the words ‘bough’, ‘trough’, through’, thorough’, ‘enough’ all contain the letters ‘ough’ yet have a different pronunciation. This can seem very confusing and illogical to EFL learners. Thus, the single letter ‘d’ in the word ‘dog’ represents a single sound, whereas in the word ‘shout’), we use the digraph (two letters) ‘sh’. Hyphenation is used for clarity too. For example, in the sentence: ‘ the pub has an old-world charm’, the hyphen tells the reader that the pub’s appeal lies in its ‘old world’ charm.

Explore this section further to learn more about English punctuation and genre, form and register in English writing. You will be able to choose from a huge number of tests that are assigned to several categories. The vast majority of tests are for free. Your results will be evaluated and saved so you will be able to review your mistakes later. At the moment, our application, which we continually expand and refine, covers the following thematic areas:There are many spellings in the English language which do not look at all like they sound. There are functionless letters, such as the ‘b’ in ‘debt’ (from Latin ‘debitum’) the ‘s’ in ‘island’ (from the Latin insula instead of the more useful Norse igland). English has relatively complicated spelling rules because of the complex history of the English language. English orthography is the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. English orthography uses a set of rules that governs how speech is represented in writing.