Ravensden Soft Toy Orangutan Sitting 28cm

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Wang, Cui-Bin; Zhao, Ling-Xia; Jin, Chang-Zhu; Wang, Yuan; Qin, Da-Gong; Pan, Wen-Shi (December 2014). "New discovery of Early Pleistocene orangutan fossils from Sanhe Cave in Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China". Quaternary International. 354: 68–74. Bibcode: 2014QuInt.354...68W. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.020. a b c Singh, Ranjeet (26 January 2011). "Orang-utans join the genome gang". Nature. doi: 10.1038/news.2011.50. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2011. a b Nowak, Matthew G.; Rianti, Puji; Wich, Serge A.; Meijaard, Erik; Fredriksson, Gabriella (2017). " Pongo tapanuliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017.3. 2017: e.T120588639A120588662. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T120588639A120588662.en. a b Ibrahim, Yasamin Kh.; Tshen, Lim Tze; Westaway, Kira E.; Cranbrook, Earl of; Humphrey, Louise; Muhammad, Ros Fatihah; Zhao, Jian-xin; Peng, Lee Chai (December 2013). "First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan ( Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications". Journal of Human Evolution. 65 (6): 770–97. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.005. PMID 24210657.

van Schaik, Carel P.; Damerius, L.; Isler, K. (2013). "Wild Orangutan Males Plan and Communicate Their Travel Direction One Day in Advance". PLoS One. 8 (9): e74896. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...874896V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074896. PMC 3770631. PMID 24040357. a b c d Mahdi, Waruno (2007). Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700. Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien. Vol.3. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp.170–81. ISBN 978-3-447-05492-8. a b Lameira, A. R.; Hardus, M. E.; Shumaker, R. W.; Wich, S. A.; Menken, S. B. J. (2015). "Speech-Like Rhythm in a Voiced and Voiceless Orangutan Call". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e116136. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..10k6136L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116136. PMC 4287529. PMID 25569211. In June 2008, Spain would become the first country to recognise the rights of some non-human great apes, based on the guidelines of the Great Ape Project, which are that chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, and gorillas not to be used for animal experiments. [98] [99] In December 2014, a court in Argentina ruled that an orangutan named Sandra at the Buenos Aires Zoo must be moved to a sanctuary in Brazil to provide her "partial or controlled freedom". Sandra has since been relocated to The Center for Great Apes in the United States, as it is the only accredited orangutan sanctuary in the American Continent. [100] Animal rights groups like Great Ape Project Argentina argued the ruling should apply to all species in captivity, and legal specialists from the Argentina's Federal Chamber of Criminal Cassatio considered the ruling applicable only to non-human hominids. [101] Orangutans and humans Orangutan researcher Birutė Galdikas presenting her book about the apes Groves, Colin P. (2002). "A history of gorilla taxonomy" (PDF). In Taylor, Andrea B.; Goldsmith, Michele L. (eds.). Gorilla Biology: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp.15–34. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511542558.004. ISBN 978-0521792813. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009.

On December 21st, 2019, Redditor /u/HansMcBean posted an image macro to /r/ memes [5] using the image, garnering over 33,500 upvotes in roughly a year (shown below). The next day the meme was reposted to /r/MemeEconomy, [6] garnering over 400 upvotes in the same rough span of time. One of the most intriguing and intelligent animals to ever exist, the orangutan derives its name from the Malay word for "man of the forest." Orangutans live ninety percent of their lives in the treetops of the majestic forests of Southeast Asia's Sumatra and Borneo. Typically found 1,500 meters above sea level, these special animals are known for much more than just representing King Louis in the Jungle Book. Habitat And Origin A female orangutan and her offspring swinging in the tree. Deaner, R. O.; van Schaik, C. P.; Johnson, V. (2006). "Do some taxa have better domain-general cognition than others? A meta-analysis of nonhuman primate studies". Evolutionary Psychology. 4: 149–96. doi: 10.1177/147470490600400114. S2CID 16702785. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 . Retrieved 19 June 2020. Hilloowala, R. A.; Trent, R. B. (1988). "Supraorbital ridge and masticatory apparatus I: Primates". Human Evolution. 3 (5): 343–50. doi: 10.1007/BF02447216. S2CID 83923845.

Oaks, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists: From Around the World. Facts on File. p.260. ISBN 978-0816041305. Orangutan call repertoires". Universität Zürich – Department of Anthropology. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 . Retrieved 23 April 2020. Cheyne, S. M.; Thompson, C. J.; Phillips, A. C.; Hill, R. M.; Limin, S. H. (2007). "Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia". Primates. 49 (1): 50–56. doi: 10.1007/s10329-007-0063-0. PMID 17899314. S2CID 1792717. Orangutans live semi-solitary lives in the wild. While they are the most solitary of the great apes, it should be noted that orangutans are highly social and exhibit social tolerance during times of high fruit abundance when they come together in aggregations known as parties.a b c d Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1988). "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo". International Journal of Primatology. 9 (1): 1–35. doi: 10.1007/BF02740195. S2CID 40513842. McDowell, Robin (18 January 2009). "Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2009. Orangutans sometimes travel on the ground when going long distances because appropriate sized branches may not always be available. When on the ground, they use all four limbs, supporting themselves on the sides of clenched fists, or occasionally walk on upright on two legs. Orangutans also come down if there is a need to find food and water elsewhere, for example, if there is a drought or fire. Orangutans can brachiate —swing hand over hand —but they normally move cautiously through large trees by climbing and walking. This allows them to distribute their weight among the branches. Orangutans' hands make them graceful and swift while swinging, but it makes walking on the ground very slow and awkward.

Xu, X.; Arnason, U. (1996). "The mitochondrial DNA molecule of sumatran orangutan and a molecular proposal for two (Bornean and Sumatran) species of orangutan". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 43 (5): 431–37. Bibcode: 1996JMolE..43..431X. doi: 10.1007/BF02337514. PMID 8875856. S2CID 3355899. Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Singleton, Ian; van Noordwijk, Maria A.; van Schaik, Carel P.; Setia, Tatang Mitra (2009). "Male–male relationships in orangutans". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp.227–29. ISBN 978-0-19-921327-6. Chalmeau, Raphaël; Lardeux, Karine; Brandibas, Pierre; Gallo, Alain (1997). "Cooperative problem solving by orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus)". International Journal of Primatology. 18 (1): 23–32. doi: 10.1023/A:1026337006136. S2CID 44204663. Tan, Peter (October 1998). "Malay loan words across different dialects of English". English Today. 14 (4): 44–50. doi: 10.1017/S026607840001052X. S2CID 144326996.Orangutans can grow up to around 200 lbs, and their arms surpass their legs in length. They can grow from 1.10m to 1.40m tall and are mainly frugivorous but also eat other plant parts and small animals such as ants, termites, bird eggs, etc. They are bigger than a monkey but smaller than a gorilla. These mammals spend much of their time searching for food and nourishment. Orangutans are active during the day time, living in the canopy among the trees, high above the forest land. They use all four limbs and hook-shaped hands to carefully meander and grasp their way through the treetops. Males have a throat sac and large cheeks to make calls to their neighboring orangutans. The amount of food depends on the rainfall; on average, there is about 14 feet worth of rainfall each year to nourish the Orangutans' surrounding environment. A very intelligent mammal, they use the surrounding nature to create shelters from the rain for the evening and even add soft spaces like leaf piles for cushions. Communication And Social Life A dominant male orangutan in his native habitat in the rainforest of Borneo. Rijksen, H. D. (December 1978). "A field study on Sumatran orang utans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 493–94. doi: 10.1086/410942. JSTOR 2826733. a b Rubis, June Mary (2020). "The orang utan is not an indigenous name: knowing and naming the maias as a decolonizing epistemology". Cultural Studies. 34 (5): 811–30. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2020.1780281. S2CID 221192990. Galdikas, B. M. F. (1982). "Orang-Utan tool use at Tanjung Putting Reserve, Central Indonesian Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah)". Journal of Human Evolution. 10: 19–33. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80028-6. Wrangham, Richard W; Peterson, Dale (1996). Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Houghton Mifflin. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-395-69001-7.

International guidelines and laws protect orangutans. Notably, the World Conservation Union has developed criteria to identify threatened species and published the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), under which trade in orangutans or orangutan parts is illegal. There are also national laws and programs to protect orangutans. Unfortunately, compliance and enforcement remain problematic. Bhandari, A.; Kay, R. F.; Williams, B. A.; Tiwari, B. N.; Bajpai, S.; Heironymus, T. (2018). "First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India". PLOS ONE. 13 (11): 10.1371/journal.pone.0206314. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1306314B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206314. PMC 6235281. PMID 30427876.

O'Malley, R. C.; McGrew, W. C. (2000). "Oral tool use by captive orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus)". Folia Primatologica. 71 (5): 334–41. doi: 10.1159/000021756. PMID 11093037. S2CID 19354930. a b van Schaik, Carel P.; Knott, Cheryl D. (2001). "Geographic variation in tool use onNeesia fruits in orangutans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 114 (4): 331–342. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1045. PMID 11275962. Orangutans are primarily fruit-eaters, which can take up 57–80% of their foraging time. Even during times of scarcity, fruit is 16% of their feeding time. Fruits with soft pulp, arils or seed-walls are consumed the most, particularly figs but also drupes and berries. [23] :65 Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the vine species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine. [49] Orangutans are great apes native to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. They are now found only in parts of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan ( P. pygmaeus, with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan ( P. abelii). A third species, the Tapanuli orangutan ( P. tapanuliensis), was identified definitively in 2017. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which diverged genetically from the other hominids ( gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans) between 19.3 and 15.7 million years ago. Turner, Dorie (12 April 2007). "Orangutans play video games (for research) at Georgia zoo". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2007.