Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

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Constitution de l'An XII – Empire – 28 floréal An XII". Conseil constitutionnel. which reads in English The Government of the Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.

Haythornthwaite, Philip. The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (I) Infantry 1799 – 1814. Osprey: London, 1987 After the adoption by the Bolognese congregation, the tricolour became a political symbol of the struggle for the independence of Italy from foreign powers, given its use also in the civil sphere, taking the name of "flag of the Italian revolution". [24]A great source of historical and wargaming information. Contains a free set of Napoleonic, WW2 and WW1 miniatures rules. The Pope was forcibly deported to Savona, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of Joséphine, and his marriage with Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, followed by the birth of his son, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire. I have obtained good results on an HP Deskjet printer using a good quality ink jet paper, do not use standard photo-copy paper, the extra cost of a good paper with a shiny surface is well worth it. After printing and allowing the ink to dry you will need to seal the paper, I have found that Humbrol Matt Cote varnish works here, which is convenient as I also use this product on my finished figurines.

The subsequent adoption of the Italian flag by a state body, the Cispadane Republic, was inspired by this Bolognese banner, linked to a municipal reality and therefore still having a purely local breath, and to previous military banners of the Lombard and Italian Legions. which took place on January 7, 1797. [5] [36] The national flag of the Cispadane Republic [ edit ] The premises [ edit ] Two figures await the start of the historical reenactment of the battle of Montechiarugolo. After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King Louis XVIII sent Marshal Michel Ney to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting " Vive l'Empereur!" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the " Hundred Days." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the Congress of Vienna.Originally the colours of the flag of the Cisalpine Republic were arranged horizontally, with green at the top, [65] but on 11 May 1798, the Grand Council of the newborn State chose, as the national banner, an Italian tricolour with the colours arranged vertically: [27] [66] [67]

Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848. Oxford University Press. pp.177–560. ISBN 978-0198206545. In 1813 a new pattern flag was produced, however the 1800 and 1803 pattern flags continued in use and few of the new pattern appear to have been issued. Regiments known to have received the new pattern flags were: Pernov, Kaluga, Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Riazski and Tambov. Only coloured flags were issued to these regiments and these all had green crosses with white corners and were colours of St George. From August 1814 the white flags were abolished and the regiments were to have only one coloured flag per battalion. It is unlikely that this directive had been completely complied with by the end of the Napoleonic period. In subsequent meetings, which always took place in the "hall of the congress centumvirate" of Reggio, many decisions were decreed and formalized, including the choice of the emblem of the newly formed republic. [51] To put forward the proposal for the adoption of a green, white and red national flag was Giuseppe Compagnoni, who for this reason is remembered as the "father of the Italian flag", in the XIV session of the cispadane congress [52] of 7 January 1797. [51] [27] [53] The adoption decree states: [52] [54] [55] Pope, Stephen (1999). The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Cassel. ISBN 978-0-304-35229-6. Units were further distinguished by the sword strap and knot. The strap and fringe was white, but the ball was: BattalionOn 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of " Emperor of the French" by the Senate; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was solemnly crowned, after receiving the Iron Crown of the Lombard kings, and was consecrated by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame de Paris. [c] The congress's decision to adopt a green, white and red tricolour flag was then also greeted by a jubilant atmosphere, enthusiasm of the delegates, and by bursts of applause. [23] For the first time, the city of ducal states for centuries enemies, they identify themselves as one people and a common identity symbol: the tricolour flag. [24] Note: It seems that the majority of the following regiments did not receive flags until 1805 and those would probably be of the 1803 pattern, however I have included them here for completeness. Bovio, Oreste (1996). Due secoli di tricolore (in Italian). Ufficio storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. SBN IT\ICCU\BVE\0116837. a b c d "I simboli della Repubblica" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016.

There were several different designs of flags in use by the Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars Period. The first issue with which we are concerned was made in 1797. This was followed by further issues of new patterns in 1800, 1803 and 1813. Old patterns were not always promptly withdrawn and therefore some regiments were still carrying older issue patterns of flag long after the date of their official 'retirement'. In addition to the above, the Guards units always had slightly different designs of flags to those carried by the Line regiments. Also from 1806 some regiments were rewarded for deeds of valour by the award of 'Colours of St George', these were basically the 1803 pattern flags with extra gold inscriptions around the outer edges of the central cross. Throughout the period various flag staff colours were used, sometimes to denote specific regiments, I have included what information I have on this in the relevent sections. As a symbolic recognition of the Montechiarugolo clash, and for the event related to the tree of liberty, Napoleon suggested to the deputies of the Cispadan cities (Reggio, Modena, Bologna and Ferrara) to gather for their first congress assembly on 27 December 1796 in Reggio Emilia. [45] The congresses of the Cispadane Republic and the adoption of the tricolour [ edit ] Giuseppe Compagnoni, the "father of the Italian flag" NCO’s have gold laceon the front/lower edges of the cuffs, the front/upper edges of the collar and the top of the shako. Giovanni Francesco Damilano, Libro familiare di me sacerdote ed avvocato Giovanni Francesco Damilano 1775–1802, Cherasco, Fondo Adriani, Historical Archive of the City of Cherasco, 1803, p. 36. (in Italian)Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2023-05-06 22:15:13 Autocrop_version 0.0.14_books-20220331-0.2 Boxid IA40928508 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier