All in One Multi-Functional LED Closet Light, Motion Sensor Under Cabinet Light, with Remote Control, Stick Anywhere, Rechargeable Battery Operated LED Night Light Bar for Wardrobe, Kitchen, Stairs

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In a light emitting diode, the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor produces light (be it infrared, visible or UV), a process called " electroluminescence". The wavelength of the light depends on the energy band gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high index of refraction, design features of the devices such as special optical coatings and die shape are required to efficiently emit light. [88] Handbook on the Physics and Che

Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs. [147] The efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes. a b Sun, Changjiu; Jiang, Yuanzhi; Cui, Minghuan; Qiao, Lu; Wei, Junli; Huang, Yanmin; Zhang, Li; He, Tingwei; Li, Saisai; Hsu, Hsien-Yi; Qin, Chaochao; Long, Run; Yuan, Mingjian (April 13, 2021). "High-performance large-area quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diodes". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2207. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22529-x. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8044177. PMID 33850141. a b c Jiang, Ji; Chu, Zema; Yin, Zhigang; Li, Jingzhen; Yang, Yingguo; Chen, Jingren; Wu, Jinliang; You, Jingbi; Zhang, Xingwang (September 2022). "Red Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes with Efficiency Exceeding 25% Realized by Co‐Spacer Cations". Advanced Materials. 34 (36): e2204460. doi: 10.1002/adma.202204460. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 35855612. S2CID 250697931. Lehovec, K; Accardo, C. A; Jamgochian, E (1953). "Injected Light Emission of Silicon Carbide Crystals". Physical Review. 89 (1): 20–25. Bibcode: 1953PhRv...89...20L. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.89.20.Phosphor-based LEDs have efficiency losses due to heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). Due to the simplicity of manufacturing, the phosphor method is still the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs. The design and production of a light source or light fixture using a monochrome emitter with phosphor conversion is simpler and cheaper than a complex RGB system, and the majority of high-intensity white LEDs presently on the market are manufactured using phosphor light conversion. [ citation needed] Edwards, Kimberly D. "Light Emitting Diodes" (PDF). University of California, Irvine. p.2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 14, 2019 . Retrieved January 12, 2019. Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. Its spectrum is sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure ( saturated) color. [89] [90] Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot approach the very high intensity characteristic of lasers. A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers. This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100- or 150-mm wafer sizes. [109] The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted. It was predicted that since 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs are made with GaN-on-Si. Manufacturing large sapphire material is difficult, while large silicon material is cheaper and more abundant. LED companies shifting from using sapphire to silicon should be a minimal investment. [110] Mixed white LEDs [ edit ] Tunable white LED array in a floodlight

Pearsall, T. P.; Miller, B. I.; Capik, R. J.; Bachmann, K. J. (1976). "Efficient, Lattice-matched, Double Heterostructure LEDs at 1.1 mm from Ga xIn 1− xAs yP 1− y by Liquid-phase Epitaxy". Appl. Phys. Lett. 28 (9): 499. Bibcode: 1976ApPhL..28..499P. doi: 10.1063/1.88831. Losev, O. V. (1927). "Светящийся карборундовый детектор и детектирование с кристаллами" [Luminous carborundum detector and detection with crystals]. Телеграфия и Телефония без Проводов [Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony] (in Russian). 5 (44): 485–494. English translation: Losev, O. V. (November 1928). "Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals". Philosophical Magazine. 7th series. 5 (39): 1024–1044. doi: 10.1080/14786441108564683. UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210nm), [93] boron nitride (215nm) [94] [95] and diamond (235nm). [96] White LEDs [ edit ] a b "Xlamp Xp-G Led". Cree.com. Cree, Inc. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012 . Retrieved March 16, 2012. LEDs are small, durable and need little power, so they are used in handheld devices such as flashlights. LED strobe lights or camera flashes operate at a safe, low voltage, instead of the 250+ volts commonly found in xenon flashlamp-based lighting. This is especially useful in cameras on mobile phones, where space is at a premium and bulky voltage-raising circuitry is undesirable.

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Hungarian Zoltán Bay together with György Szigeti pre-empted LED lighting in Hungary in 1939 by patenting a lighting device based on silicon carbide, with an option on boron carbide, that emitted white, yellowish white, or greenish white depending on impurities present. [16] Millennium technology prize awarded to UCSB's Shuji Nakamura. Ia.ucsb.edu (June 15, 2006). Retrieved on August 3, 2019. Examples for Haitz's law—which predicts an exponential rise in light output and efficacy of LEDs over time—are the CREE XP-G series LED, which achieved 105 lm/W in 2009 [132] and the Nichia 19 series with a typical efficacy of 140 lm/W, released in 2010. [133] AC-driven [ edit ] Efficiency droop: The efficiency of LEDs decreases as the electric current increases. Heating also increases with higher currents, which compromises LED lifetime. These effects put practical limits on the current through an LED in high power applications. [158] a b Lester, Steve, Role of Substrate Choice on LED Pacakaging (PDF), Toshiba America Electronic Components, archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2014

There are RGBW LEDs that combine RGB units with a phosphor white LED on the market. Doing so retains the extremely tunable color of RGB LED, but allows color rendering and efficiency to be optimized when a color close to white is selected. [111] Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) of varying Al/Ga fraction can be used to manufacture the cladding and quantum well layers for ultraviolet LEDs, but these devices have not yet reached the level of efficiency and technological maturity of InGaN/GaN blue/green devices. If unalloyed GaN is used in this case to form the active quantum well layers, the device emits near-ultraviolet light with a peak wavelength centred around 365nm. Green LEDs manufactured from the InGaN/GaN system are far more efficient and brighter than green LEDs produced with non-nitride material systems, but practical devices still exhibit efficiency too low for high-brightness applications. [ citation needed] Aerosolized biological particles fluoresce and scatter light under a UV light beam. Observed fluorescence is dependent on the applied wavelength and the biochemical fluorophores within the biological agent. UV induced fluorescence offers a rapid, accurate, efficient and logistically practical way for biological agent detection. This is because the use of UV fluorescence is reagentless, or a process that does not require an added chemical to produce a reaction, with no consumables, or produces no chemical byproducts. [184]

LEDs are used in mining operations, as cap lamps to provide light for miners. Research has been done to improve LEDs for mining, to reduce glare and to increase illumination, reducing risk of injury to the miners. [175]

Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The design of CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuits. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-521-83539-8.With the development of high-efficiency and high-power LEDs, it has become possible to use LEDs in lighting and illumination. To encourage the shift to LED lamps and other high-efficiency lighting, in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize competition. The Philips Lighting North America LED bulb won the first competition on August 3, 2011, after successfully completing 18 months of intensive field, lab, and product testing. [172] Destriau, G. (1936). "Recherches sur les scintillations des sulfures de zinc aux rayons". Journal de Chimie Physique. 33: 587–625. doi: 10.1051/jcp/1936330587. Find sources: "Light-emitting diode"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( October 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) functional LED side marker, left, long, slanted rubber arm, 2×0.75 mm² cable 0.5 m long with QS075 connector. Schubert, E. Fred; Kim, Jong Kyu (2005). "Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart" (PDF). Science. 308 (5726): 1274–1278. Bibcode: 2005Sci...308.1274S. doi: 10.1126/science.1108712. PMID 15919985. S2CID 6354382. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016.