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Awwad S, Issa R, Alnsour L, Albals D, Al-Momani I (December 2021). "Quantification of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid in Green and Roasted Coffee Samples Using HPLC-DAD and Evaluation of the Effect of Degree of Roasting on Their Levels". Molecules. 26 (24): 7502. doi: 10.3390/molecules26247502. PMC 8705492. PMID 34946584. For most of us, to be caffeinated to one degree or another has simply become baseline human consciousness. Something like 90% of humans ingest caffeine regularly, making it the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, and the only one we routinely give to children (commonly in the form of fizzy drinks). Few of us even think of it as a drug, much less our daily use of it as an addiction. It’s so pervasive that it’s easy to overlook the fact that to be caffeinated is not baseline consciousness but, in fact, an altered state. It just happens to be a state that virtually all of us share, rendering it invisible. Ask your pharmacist or doctor if any medicines that you take could be affected by caffeine. Caffeine, alcohol and illicit drugs The earliest evidence of cocoa bean use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. Also, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called xocolatl, often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. Xocolatl was believed to fight fatigue, a belief probably attributable to the theobromine and caffeine content. Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cocoa beans were often used as currency. [251] Some analog substances have been created which mimic caffeine's properties with either function or structure or both. Of the latter group are the xanthines DMPX [210] and 8-chlorotheophylline, which is an ingredient in dramamine. Members of a class of nitrogen substituted xanthines are often proposed as potential alternatives to caffeine. [211] [ unreliable source?] Many other xanthine analogues constituting the adenosine receptor antagonist class have also been elucidated. [212]

a b c Karch SB (2009). Karch's pathology of drug abuse (4thed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp.229–230. ISBN 978-0-8493-7881-2. The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357mg per day (Strain et al., 1994). In 1827, M. Oudry isolated "théine" from tea, [264] but in 1838 it was proved by Mulder [265] and by Carl Jobst [266] that theine was actually the same as caffeine.The leaves of Ilex guayusa, the Ecuadorian holly tree, are placed in boiling water to make a guayusa tea. [235] This causes a relative increase in other signaling molecules, such as dopamine and norepinephrine ( 5, 6). Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and slightly higher levels of theophylline than coffee. Preparation and many other factors have a significant impact on tea, and color is a very poor indicator of caffeine content. Teas like the pale Japanese green tea, gyokuro, for example, contain far more caffeine than much darker teas like lapsang souchong, which has very little. [231] Soft drinks and energy drinks Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. [135] Caffeine can delay or prevent sleep and improves task performance during sleep deprivation. [54] Shift workers who use caffeine make fewer mistakes that could result from drowsiness. [55]

People with existing medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, may be more sensitive to caffeine. This can make a normal amount of caffeine more dangerous. If you have an existing medical condition, it’s a good idea to eat or drink less caffeine. To see, lucidly, “the reality of things”: this was, in a nutshell, the rationalist project. Coffee became, along with the microscope, telescope and the pen, one of its indispensable tools.Schmidt B (2005). "Methylxanthine therapy for apnea of prematurity: evaluation of treatment benefits and risks at age 5 years in the international Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial". Biology of the Neonate. 88 (3): 208–13. doi: 10.1159/000087584. PMID 16210843. S2CID 30123372. Skin protection. Consuming 4 or more cups of caffeinated coffee per day may lower the risk of skin cancer by 20% ( 46, 47). Longevity. Drinking coffee may decrease the risk of premature death by as much as 30%, especially for women and people with diabetes ( 39, 40).

Theobromine (12%): Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume. Theobromine is also the principal alkaloid in the cocoa bean ( chocolate). Consumption of caffeine after abdominal surgery shortens the time to recovery of normal bowel function and shortens length of hospital stay. [48]

Birth control pills can extend the half-life of caffeine, requiring greater attention to caffeine consumption. [158] Medications Some people use caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee or tea to try to treat their asthma. [45] Evidence to support this practice is poor. [45] It appears that caffeine in low doses improves airway function in people with asthma, increasing forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by 5% to 18% for up to four hours. [46] Faudone G, Arifi S, Merk D (June 2021). "The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 64 (11): 7156–7178. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261. PMID 34019396. S2CID 235094871. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research (2001). "2, Pharmacology of Caffeine". Pharmacology of Caffeine. National Academies Press (US). Archived from the original on 28 September 2021 . Retrieved 15 December 2022. It is recommended that healthy adults can safely consume around 400mg of caffeine a day. This is the same as: