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The relation of Marxist aesthetics to post-modern aesthetics is still a contentious area of debate. René Daumal (1982). Rasa, or, Knowledge of the self: essays on Indian aesthetics and selected Sanskrit studies. New Directions. ISBN 978-0811208246. The Chinese Text: Studies in Comparative Literature (1986). Cocos (Keeling) Islands: Chinese University Press. p. 119. ISBN 962201318X.

G. E. Moore explained beauty in regard to intrinsic value as "that of which the admiring contemplation is good in itself". [21] [5] This definition connects beauty to experience while managing to avoid some of the problems usually associated with subjectivist positions since it allows that things may be beautiful even if they are never experienced. [21] David Goldblatt and Lee B. Brown, ed. (2010), Aesthetics: A Reader in the Philosophy of the Arts. 3rd ed. Pearson Publishing.Martindale, C (2007). "Recent trends in the psychological study of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts". Empirical Studies of the Arts. 25 (2): 121–141. doi: 10.2190/b637-1041-2635-16nn. S2CID 143506308. Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of beauty and the nature of taste; and functions as the philosophy of art. [1] Aesthetics examines the philosophy of aesthetic value, which is determined by critical judgements of artistic taste; [2] thus, the function of aesthetics is the "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". [3] [4] Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty. [85] [86] However, humans who are relatively young, with smooth skin, well-proportioned bodies, and regular features, have traditionally been considered the most beautiful throughout history. [ citation needed]

Sigmund Freud inaugurated aesthetical thinking in Psychoanalysis mainly via the "Uncanny" as aesthetical affect. [58] Following Freud and Merleau-Ponty, [59] Jacques Lacan theorized aesthetics in terms of sublimation and the Thing. [60]

Matthen, Mohan; Weinstein, Zachary. "Aesthetic Hedonism". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021 . Retrieved February 10, 2021.

a b Chio, Cecilia Di; Brabazon, Anthony; Ebner, Marc; Farooq, Muddassar; Fink, Andreas; Grahl, Jörn; Greenfield, Gary; Machado, Penousal; O'Neill, Michael (2010). Applications of Evolutionary Computation: EvoApplications 2010: EvoCOMNET, EvoENVIRONMENT, EvoFIN, EvoMUSART, and EvoTRANSLOG, Istanbul, Turkey, April 7–9, 2010, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p.302. ISBN 978-3642122415. Beauty | Definition of Beauty by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on August 9, Conway, Bevil R.; Rehding, Alexander (March 19, 2013). "Neuroaesthetics and the Trouble with Beauty". PLOS Biology. 11 (3): e1001504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001504. PMC 3601993. PMID 23526878.A third major topic in the study of aesthetic judgments is how they are unified across art forms. For instance, the source of a painting's beauty has a different character to that of beautiful music, suggesting their aesthetics differ in kind. [31] The distinct inability of language to express aesthetic judgment and the role of social construction further cloud this issue. Rayonnant rose window in Notre Dame de Paris. In Gothic architecture, light was considered the most beautiful revelation of God, which was heralded in its design. [1] McNamara, Denis Robert (2009). Catholic Church Architecture and the Spirit of the Liturgy. Hillenbrand Books. pp. 24–28. ISBN 1595250271.