The Monkey with a Bright Blue Bottom

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Kudo, H. (1987). "The study of vocal communication of wild mandrills in Cameroon in relation to their social structure". Primates. 28 (3): 289–308. doi: 10.1007/BF02381013. S2CID 1507136. P.S. Stay tuned for next time’s discussion about imaging cats through a layers of milk, another wonder of light diffusion. Dominant or alpha male mandrills have the most mating success. Upon gaining alpha status, males develop larger testicles, redder faces and posteriors, more secretion from the chest glands and fatter sides and rumps. When a male loses dominance, these physiological changes are at least partially reversed. [31] The blue facial skin is more consistent in brightness. [31] [60] Higher ranking males tend to have more contrast between red and blue facial coloring. [33] Due to their distribution of fat, dominant males are also known as "fatted" males while subordinate males are known as "non-fatted" males. [61] Canine length also correlates with dominance, and males are less likely to sire offspring when their canines are under 30mm (1.2in). [22] In some individuals, the development of secondary sexual characteristics is suppressed in response to competition from other males. [55] Male mandrills tend to establish dominance with vocalizations and facial expressions, rather than fighting. [62] Goods that by reason of their nature, cannot be returned - (Items such as underwear, where the 'hygiene patch' has been removed, or cosmetics where the seal has been broken).

Bear was friendly, Bear was sweet, The nicest bear you'd ever meet! With little paws and little feet, And a very BIG bear bottom! Poor Bear! His bottom is causing chaos... Bump! Crash! Splat! Soon Bear is in great big trouble! Can he ever make it up to his friends?Laidre, M. E. (2011). "Meaningful gesture in monkeys? Investigating whether mandrills create social culture". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e14610. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...614610L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014610. PMC 3032724. PMID 21311591. I've been described as an 'Animal Artist', not I hasten to add because I'm wild and hairy but because I love to draw animals and especially like to give them human characteristics. The vibrant coloration of monkey butt has intrigued scientists for decades. These bright hues are not just visually striking but serve essential functions. a b Tutin, C. E.; Ham, R. M.; White, L. J.; Harrison, M. J. (1997). "The primate community of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass". American Journal of Primatology. 42 (1): 1–24. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)42:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9108968. S2CID 37902903.

After enjoying the story and rhymes, identifying all the animals, and all the shapes, colours and patterns, what better than to find pictures of these lesser known animals in real life, and join in the surprise and astonishment? Researchers from Florida Atlantic University, New York University, Columbia University, the Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, and the Centre de Formation et Conservation Forestière are co-authors of the paper. Mandrills live in large "supergroups" or "hordes" that can contain hundreds of individuals. [40] [50] [51] These large groups are fairly stable and do not appear to be gatherings of smaller ones. At Lopé National Park, Gabon, mandrill hordes were found to have an average of 620 individuals, and some groups were as large as 845, making them possibly the largest cohesive groups of wild primates. [51] Another study in Lopé found that a horde of 625 mandrills consisted of 21 dominant males, 71 less dominant and subadult males, 247 adult and adolescent females, 200 juveniles, and 86 dependent infants. [40] A mandrill horde of around 700 individuals in northern Lopé had a total home range of 182km 2 (70sqmi), 89km 2 (34sqmi) of which was suitable habitat. The supergroup would occasionally diverge into two to four subgroups before reuniting. [52] Another 15-month long study of a 120 member group found a home range of 8.6km 2 (3.3sqmi) with an average traveling distance of 2.42km (1.50mi) per day. [47] Mandrills grooming at Natura Artis Magistra A baboon’s butt tissue is arranged somewhat like the illustration above so that blue photons are reflected and all of the other photons (like the red ones) are absorbed. Only the blue light makes it out and gets into our eyes. This is why we see we see blue monkey butts!a b Yorzinski, J. L.; Vehrencamp, S. L. (2008). "Preliminary report: antipredator behaviors of mandrills" (PDF). Primate Report. 75: 11–18. a b Kudo, H.; Mitani, M. (1985). "New record of predatory behavior by the mandrill in Cameroon". Primates. 26 (2): 161–167. doi: 10.1007/BF02382015. S2CID 20928597. Bret, C.; Sueur, C.; Ngoubangoye, B.; Verrier, D.; Deneubourg, J.-L.; Petit, O. (2013). "Social structure of a semi-free ranging group of mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx): A social network analysis". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e83015. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...883015B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083015. PMC 3858359. PMID 24340074. Pourquoi” tales are, of course, intended to explain the origins of real life animals. This story has, very neatly, chosen to include both familiar, and unfamiliar, animals. Children will very probably already know that zebras have stripes, and giraffes a sort of square pattern, but will they have heard of a spectacled bear? Or our hero, the mandrill monkey, with his red and blue face?

Schino, G.; De Angelis, F. (2020). "Conflict over grooming topography between mandrill groomers and groomees". Behavioural Processes. 180: 104240. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104240. PMID 32905823. S2CID 221501684. Mandrills are large primates closely related to the baboon. These animals inhabit the tropical forests of Africa and are monkeys with blue butts. Additionally, the mandrill is the largest non-ape primate. It is arguably the most colorful, with a trademark bright red and blue face and a very bright and colorful butt. These are secondary sexual characteristics, present in both sexes but much more vibrant in males. Scientists believe that they use this feature to attract mates and intimidate rivals. Baboons and other primates use sexual swellings, including red-colored ones, to communicate fertility. Female baboons’ butts swell and turn red during ovulation, but not all males are interested in mating during this time. Is Baboon Classified as a red-butt Monkey or an Ape?

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Steve Smallman lives in Staffordshire with his wife, two dogs and two cats. He has four children and a grandchild. Steve has been illustrating children’s books for almost 30 years and writing his own stories for slightly less. He also teaches illustration workshops in schools, including mural-painting. Steve is the author of Smelly Peter the Great Pea Eater (Winner of the Sheffield Children's Book Award 2009) and The Lamb Who Came for Dinner (Shortlisted for the Red House Children's Book Award and read by Meatloaf on CITV's Bookaboo). When he’s not working, Steve enjoys films, television, gardening and walking in the countryside. The mandrill was first scientifically depicted in Historia animalium (1551–1558) by Conrad Gessner, who considered it a kind of hyena. [8] The species was formally classified by Carl Linnaeus as Simia sphinx in 1758. Its current generic name Mandrillus was coined by Ferdinand Ritgen in 1824. [9] a b c d Harrison, M. J. S. (2009). "The mandrill in Gabon's rain forest-ecology, distribution and status". Oryx. 22 (4): 218–228. doi: 10.1017/S0030605300022365. Mandrills also produce several vocalizations, for both long and short distances. During group movements, adult males produce two-phase grunts and one-syllable roars, both of which are equivalent to the "wahoo" bark of baboons. Other group members produce "crowings", which last almost two seconds and start as a vibration and transition into a longer harmonic sound. Short distance vocals include the "yak", a sharp, repeating, pulse-like call produced by all individuals except for adult males and made in tense situations. Mandrills may also grunt during aggressive encounters. Growls are used to express mild alarm while intense alarms come in the form of a short, two-syllable sharp call known as the "k-alarm". A sharp, loud "K-sound" is produced for unknown reasons. Screaming is a signal of fear and made by individuals fleeing, while the girney, a type of moan or purr, is made as a form of appeasement or frustration among females and young. [76] [77] Individual voices are more similar among related animals, but unrelated mandrills can have similar voices if they regularly interact. [78] Threats and conservation [ edit ]

The latter were conducted at the Peabody by Sargis and co-author Chris Gilbert, a former Yale postdoctoral fellow who is now a professor at Hunter College-CUNY. a b c Setchell, J. M.; Dixson, A. F. (2001). "Changes in the secondary sexual adornments of male mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx) are associated with gain and loss of alpha status". Hormones and Behavior. 39 (3): 177–184. doi: 10.1006/hbeh.2000.1628. PMID 11300708. S2CID 7560147. The mandrill lives in west-central Africa, including southern Cameroon, mainland Equatorial Guinea ( Río Muni), Gabon and parts of the Republic of the Congo. Its range is bounded by the Sanaga River to the north and the Ogooué and Ivindo Rivers to the east. It does not appear to share habitat with the drill, as the two species are separated by the Sanaga River. [35] Mandrills live in tropical rainforests, generally preferring primary forests over secondary forests. They also live in patchy gallery forests surrounded by savanna and travel across grass areas within their forest habitats. [36] They have also been recorded in mountainous areas, near rivers and in cultivated fields. [37] The mandrill ( Mandrillus sphinx) is a large Old World monkey native to west central Africa. It is one of the most colorful mammals in the world, with red and blue skin on its face and posterior. The species is sexually dimorphic, as males have a larger body, longer canine teeth and brighter coloring. It is the largest monkey in the world. Its closest living relative is the drill, with which it shares the genus Mandrillus. Both species were traditionally thought to be baboons, but further evidence has shown that they are more closely related to white-eyelid mangabeys.

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Setchell, J. M. (2005). "Do female mandrills prefer brightly colored males?" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 26 (4): 715–735. doi: 10.1007/s10764-005-5305-7. S2CID 3082991. In the picture above, both the red and blue photons bounce (scatter) 4 times while they are penetrating the skin. But because the red photons travel a longer distance in between scattering events, they manage to penetrate both layers of skin. The melanin in Tissue B absorbs the red photon so it can’t leave the skin and reach your eye.