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Another study published in the journal Phytotherapy Research demonstrated the anti-snake venom properties of Tamarindus indica seed extract. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 (PLA 2), anti edema, anti lethality, anti clotting, myotoxicity, and antihaemorrhagic activity Administration of the methanolic extracts from Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) resulted in the reduction of local symptoms produced by D. russelli venom due to the inhibition of the proteolytic and hyaluronidase activities reducing edema, myonecrosis, and hemorrhaging.
Moreover, we must consider the supplementary therapeutic actions that a snakebite patient may require for effective treatment, such as the use of extra drugs, wound care services, reconstructive surgery, and rehabilitation therapy, all of which increase the total cost associated with this NTD. Syn-ake is a synthetic peptide or syn-peptide. Syn peptides are small synthetic proteins that are modeled off a non-synthetic or real-world peptide. In the case of Syn-ake, it is a synthetic peptide that is modeled off a protein found in the venom of the Temple Viper. The peptide that Syn-ake mimics is Waglerin-1. Waglerin-1 prevents the uptake of sodium by the muscles by working on the mnAchR receptor. Preventing the uptake of sodium inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles, and the muscles stay relaxed. This relaxation of the muscles, much like Botox, reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The study evaluated the effect of Tamarindus indica seed extract on the pharmacological as well as the enzymatic effects induced by V. russelli venom. Tamarind seed extract inhibited the PLA, protease, hyaluronidase, l-amino acid oxidase and 5’-nucleotidase enzyme activities of venom in a dose-dependent manner. These are the major hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the early effects of envenomation, such as local tissue damage, inflammation and hypotension. The researchers concluded: “In addition, extract neutralised the pharmacological effects such as edema, hemorrhage, and myotoxic effects including lethality, induced by venom. Since, it inhibits both hydrolytic enzymes and pharmacological effects; it may be used as an alternative treatment to serum therapy and, in addition, as a rich source of potential inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes involved in several physio-pathological diseases.”
Toward Refining the Mouse Lethality Test
They concluded: “A potent antivenom against snakebite was isolated from Curcuma longa, a plant commonly used in traditional Brazilian medicine. The fraction consisting of ar-turmerone neutralised both the hemorrhagic activity present in Bothrops jararaca venom, and the lethal effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in mice. Immunological studies demonstrated that this fraction also inhibited the proliferation and the natural killer activity of human lymphocytes.” Snake venoms are rich in hydrolytic enzymes. The proteomic analyses of viperid venoms have revealed a predominance of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2s) and serine proteinases (SPs), with variations between and within species ( 1). In turn, elapid venoms are generally rich in PLA 2s ( 1). These enzymes are responsible for some of the main pathophysiological effects in envenomings. SVMPs induce hemorrhage and coagulopathies ( 30, 31), PLA 2s are responsible for muscle necrosis and neurotoxicity, depending on the enzyme ( 32, 33), and serine proteinases induce defibrinogenation and hypotension ( 31, 34). Therefore, the study of in vitro activities associated with these enzymes has been pursued and correlated with in vivo toxicity. Scientists have also demonstrated the anti-venom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica against Daboia russellii (Russell’s viper) venom.
In addition, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of many envenomings derives not only from the direct action of toxins on tissues, but also from endogenous processes in the organism, such as inflammatory cascades resultant of the action of toxins or the generation of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from affected tissues, which contribute to the pathophysiological alterations ( 9, 10). Thus, the study of snake venom composition and mechanisms of action, and the identification of the main toxins responsible for the predominant toxicological effects provide relevant information for the knowledge-based design of alternative in vitro assays that correlate with in vivo toxicity tests. Assessment of Antivenom Neutralizing Efficacy at Different Stages During the Manufacturing ProcessThe study examined the interaction of Musa paradisiaca extract (MsE) with snake venom proteins. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), myotoxic and hemorrhagic activities, including lethality in mice, induced by crotalidae venoms were significantly inhibited when different amounts of MsE were mixed with these venoms before assays. On the other hand, mice that received MsE and venoms without previous mixture or by separated routes were not protected against venom toxicity. Partial chemical characterization of MsE showed the presence of polyphenols and tannins and they are known to non-specifically inactivate proteins. Syn-peptides are synthetically manufactured peptides that are similar in structure to a naturally occurring peptide. They are designed to mimic the action of the naturally occurring form. Peptides are essentially short proteins and are used in skincare formulations as they are often small enough to penetrate through the skin. Syn-peptides have been created to combat the appearance of wrinkles, pigmentation and increase the natural protective abilities of the skin. Is Syn-ake Actually Safe? The researchers noted: “The potency of the methanol extract of the root bark of the plant was tested against cobra (Naja nigricotlis nigricotlis Wetch) venom in rats. The extract was also tested on brine shrimp (Artemia saline Leach). The duration of the action of these analgesics in mice must be considered. It has been estimated that it is between 2 and 3h for morphine ( 103, 104) and up to 6h for tramadol ( 105), whereas the action of buprenorphine in the rat lasts for 6–12 h ( 106). Hence, in experiments to assess lethality and its neutralization, which usually last for 24h, there is a need of subsequent administrations of the analgesic. In the case of neurotoxic venoms, it is likely that opioid analgesics, such as the ones described, affect the outcome of the test. In these cases, the use of milder analgesics, such as paracetamol, could be considered. The Modification of the Protocol for the Lethality Test
Until now, snakebite poisoning remains a public health hazard in tropical countries. Viper snakes are among the most common types of venomous snakes, which are responsible for many envenoming and deaths in most tropical areas. PLA 2 inhibitor and prevention of myofiber breakdown caused by myotoxins I (Asp49) and II (Lys49) of B. asper venom The two crucial New Guinean species used in the production of anti-venom are Oxyuranus scutellatus and Acanthophis laevis. Major species of South and Southeast Asian snakes used in antivenom production include Calloselasma rhodostoma, Echis carinatus, Naja spp., Daboia spp., Bungarus spp., and Cryptelytrops spp. In Africa, species belonging to Cerastes, Dendroaspis, Naja, Bitis, and Echis genera are significant for antivenom production [ 161].Review discussing Brazilian plant species displaying neutralizing properties against snake envenomation from an ethnopharmacological perspective Syn-ake hasn’t been independently evaluated by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel but the company that produced it has not reported any toxicity or sensitization issues in its research. However, Syn-ake has anecdotally been known to cause adverse reactions in some users, you should start out by adding the smallest possible concentration of Syn-ake to your skincare regime until you know how it will affect your skin.
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