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Ruan, Y.L. Signaling role of sucrose metabolism in development. Mol. Plant 2012, 5, 763–765. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] My gardening passions are for wildlife, herbaceous perennials and an organic approach to every aspect of plant care. Alongside gaining practical experience I have also studied and passed multiple RHS and other gardening qualifications. Dasgupta, K.; Khadilkar, A.S.; Sulpice, R.; Pant, B.; Scheible, W.-R.; Fisahn, J.; Stitt, M.; Ayre, B.G. Expression of sucrose transporter cDNAs speciically in companion cells enhances phloem loading and long-distance transport of sucrose but leads to an inhibition of growth and the perception of a phosphate limitation. Plant Physiol. 2014, 165, 715–731. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version]
The total flavonoid content was determined by using the method described in the literature [ 31]. Quercetin was used as a standard. Different concentrations of quercetin (31.25 μg/mL, 62.50 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL) were prepared by the serial dilution technique. For each sample, extract solution of 1 mg/mL concentration was prepared by using ethanol. Then, 1 mL (1 mg/mL concentration) of ethanolic extract solution was well mixed with 4 mL of distilled water and 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO 2. After continuously shaking for 5 minutes, 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl 3 was added and subjected to incubation for 5 minutes. Then, 2 mL of 1 M NaOH was added to the solution. In the same manner, a blank solution was prepared without a sample. The final mixture solution was then incubated at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. Finally, the absorbance of incubated standard solutions and sample solutions was recorded at 415 nm. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate. 2.9. Determination of Total Carbohydrate Content
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R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, < www.Rproject.org> (2014). Autumn is the best season in the forest school year, right? Try these forest school activities with your children: All the experiments were analyzed three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD. The statistical significance of differences was calculated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extractive Yield Value Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons. Gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos all have 2, whereas in conifers they are often variable in number (multicotyledonous), with 2–24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) surrounding the plumule. Within each species, there is often still some variation in cotyledon numbers, e.g. Monterey pine ( Pinus radiata) seedlings have 5–9, and Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi) 7–13 (Mirov 1967), but other species are more fixed, with e.g. Mediterranean cypress always having just two cotyledons. The highest number reported is for big-cone pinyon ( Pinus maximartinezii), with 24 (Farjon & Styles 1997).
Related plants may show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae, [8] the pea family, Fabaceae, [4] and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types). The frequently garden grown common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is epigeal, while the closely related runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus, is hypogeal. [ citation needed] History [ edit ]Undamaged plants that have been exposed to volatiles from artificially damaged plants have better defenses against folivores 4, 5. Under laboratory conditions, because the growth of the CCWs did not decrease when they were reared on an artificial diet together with cut goldenrod volatiles, it was concluded that the volatiles did not directly affect the performance of the CCWs. However, the growth of the CCWs was significantly decreased on soybean plants that had been exposed to cut goldenrod volatiles, indicating that undamaged soybean plants had better defenses against the larvae as a response to the previous volatile exposure. We also showed that at least α-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene were involved in the defense induction. Thus, the results of the field experiments can, in part, be explained by this volatile compound-induced defense response. Similar no-choice feeding bioassays in plant–plant communication studies have been recently reported in the tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum)–common cutworm ( S. litura) and the willow ( Salix eriocarpa)–willow leaf beetle ( Plagiodera versicolora) systems 18, 19. In this study, in addition to the reduction of the relative growth ratio of CCWs, cut goldenrod volatiles might have acted as repellents of herbivores and attractants of natural enemies 1, 2. This possibility will be studied in the future. A triple cold maceration process was employed for all plant parts to achieve the optimal extraction. After single maceration with occasional manual shaking (every 6 hours for 3 days), the menstruum was collected and marc was further extracted with the same amount of fresh solvents. The whole procedure was repeated up to three times. Specifically, 100 g each of seed and leaf of P. utilis were extracted with 1000 mL of water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The liquids from each step of maceration were strained, filtered, mixed, and dried at 40°C to obtain a gummy concentrate with the help of a rotatory evaporator. All the extracts were preserved in the refrigerator at 4 ± 1°C. 2.5. Extractive Yield Value
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