Tissues and Issues

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Nerurkar, N. L., Lee, C. H., Mahadevan, L. & Tabin, C. J. Molecular control of macroscopic forces drives formation of the vertebrate hindgut. Nature 565, 480–484 (2019). Kalyan Phani, M., Kumar, A., Arnold, W. & Samwer, K. Elastic stiffness and damping measurements in titanium alloys using atomic force acoustic microscopy. J. Alloys Compd. 676, 397–406 (2016). Cedars-Sinai: "Marfan Syndrome," "Mixed Connective Tissue Disease," "Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis."

Karunaratne, A., Li, S. & Bull, A. M. J. Nano-scale mechanisms explain the stiffening and strengthening of ligament tissue with increasing strain rate. Sci. Rep. 8, 3707 (2018). Kim, B. S., Nikolovski, J., Bonadio, J. & Mooney, D. J. Cyclic mechanical strain regulates the development of engineered smooth muscle tissue. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 979–983 (1999). Last, J. A., Thomasy, S. M., Croasdale, C. R., Russell, P. & Murphy, C. J. Compliance profile of the human cornea as measured by atomic force microscopy. Micron 43, 1293–1298 (2012). Miotto, M. et al. 4D corneal tissue engineering: achieving time-dependent tissue self-curvature through localized control of cell actuators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1807334 (2019).

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Collet, J.-P., Shuman, H., Ledger, R. E., Lee, S. & Weisel, J. W. The elasticity of an individual fibrin fiber in a clot. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 9133–9137 (2005). The ground substance of connective tissue contains structural proteins called fibers. There are three types of connective tissue fibers: Hozic, A., Rico, F., Colom, A., Buzhynskyy, N. & Scheuring, S. Nanomechanical characterization of the stiffness of eye lens cells: a pilot study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53, 2151–2156 (2012). Chimene, D., Lennox, K. K., Kaunas, R. R. & Gaharwar, A. K. Advanced bioinks for 3D printing: a materials science perspective. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 44, 2090–2102 (2016).

Macrophages: These clean up after a response. They remove pathogens, dead neutrophils, and other debris. Chaudhuri, O. et al. Hydrogels with tunable stress relaxation regulate stem cell fate and activity. Nat. Mater. 15, 326–334 (2015). A seminal work on the effect of controlled 3D stress relaxation on the behaviour of stem cells. The album represents a whole new direction for the singer. Her previous album, Prelude, a ' best of' album, had ended her classical career; Tissues and Issues is her first ever pop album. Siamantouras, E., Hills, C. E., Squires, P. E. & Liu, K. K. Quantifying cellular mechanics and adhesion in renal tubular injury using single cell force spectroscopy. Nanomedicine 12, 1013–1021 (2016). Co-ordination and facilitation of peer lead support group for single parents who have completed Devon clinics single parent stress management programme, costs of producing webinar series.Samir, A. E. et al. Shear wave elastography in chronic kidney disease: a pilot experience in native kidneys. BMC Nephrol. 16, 119 (2015). An, H., Shi, Y., Guo, Q. & Liu, Y. Test–retest reliability of 3D EPI MR elastography of the pancreas. Clin. Radiol. 71, 1068.e7–1068.e12 (2016). Kolipaka, A. et al. Magnetic resonance elastography to estimate brain stiffness: measurement reproducibility and its estimate in pseudotumor cerebri patients. Clin. Imaging 51, 114–122 (2018). Conte, V. et al. Control of cell–cell forces and collective cell dynamics by the intercellular adhesome. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 409–420 (2015).

Davis, N. F. et al. Urinary bladder vs gastrointestinal tissue: a comparative study of their biomechanical properties for urinary tract reconstruction. Urology 113, 235–240 (2018). Polymyositis and dermatomyositis . These are two related diseases in which there is inflammation of the muscles (polymyositis) and skin (dermatomyositis). Symptoms of both diseases can include:Gonzalez-Cruz, R. D., Fonseca, V. C. & Darling, E. M. Cellular mechanical properties reflect the differentiation potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, E1523–E1529 (2012). Muiznieks, L. D. & Keeley, F. W. Molecular assembly and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix: a fibrous protein perspective. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1832, 866–875 (2013). The lymphatic system forms a network similar to the blood vessels. It carries a substance called lymph instead of blood. Lymph is a fluid that carries immune-related cells to areas that need them. Iskratsch, T., Wolfenson, H. & Sheetz, M. P. Appreciating force and shape — the rise of mechanotransduction in cell biology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 15, 825–833 (2014). Murphy, M. C. et al. Measuring the characteristic topography of brain stiffness with magnetic resonance elastography. PLoS One 8, e81668 (2013).

Cilia are small processes found in the respiratory tract and female reproductive tract. Their complex structure facilitates movement that brushes small structures through the lumen of either the trachea or Fallopian tubes. Stereocilia are similar to cilia in size and shape, however they are immotile and more frequently found in the epithelium of the male reproductive tract, specifically in the ductus deferens and the epididymis. Alcaraz, J. et al. Laminin and biomimetic extracellular elasticity enhance functional differentiation in mammary epithelia. EMBO J. 27, 2829–2838 (2008).Arani, A. et al. Measuring the effects of aging and sex on regional brain stiffness with MR elastography in healthy older adults. Neuroimage 111, 59–64 (2015).