Kare Design Picture Frame Mirror Skull, black, frame glass mirrored, Glass Toughened safety glass, back panel MDF, wall art, room decor, home decor for living room, hallway, bedroom, 100x100cm

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Neha Sharma 1,2 † Daniel Ostas 3 † Horatiu Rotar 3 Philipp Brantner 2,4 Florian Markus Thieringer 1,2 *

Therefore, the use of both medical XCT and laboratory XCT is more common and easily accessible. However, the data obtained with nCT are complementary with the data obtained from XCT ( Sutton, 2008; Mays et al., 2017; Zanolli et al., 2020). This increases the analytical capacity to visualize internal structures that only with X-rays are impossible to detect. Jegadeesan, J.T.; Baldia, M.; Basu, B. Next-Generation Personalized Cranioplasty Treatment. Acta Biomater. 2022, 154, 63–82. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]

Chulvi V, Cebrian-Tarrasón D, Sancho Á, Vidal R. Automated design of customized implants. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia 2013; 68: 95–103. Gopi M, Krishnan S, Silva CT. Surface reconstruction based on lower dimensional localized Delaunay triangulation. Computer Graphics Forum 2000; 19(3): 467–478. Field DA. Laplacian smoothing and delaunay triangulations. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 1988; 4(6): 709–712. Sprio S, Fricia M, Maddalena GF, Nataloni A, Tampieri A. Osteointegration in cranial bone reconstruction: a goal to achieve. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2016; 14(4):e470–e476. pmid:27311430

Mayfield Brain & Spine, Brain Tumors: An introduction. Available online: https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-braintumor.htm (accessed on 18 February 2023).van der Meer WJ, Bos RR, Vissink A, Visser A. Digital planning of cranial implants. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013; 51(5): 450–452. pmid:23266152 Replogle RE, Lanzino G, Francel P, Henson S, Lin K, Jane JA. Acrylic cranioplasty using miniplate struts. Neurosurgery 1996; 39(4): 747–749. pmid:8880768

Schmidt, A.H. Autologous bone graft: Is it still the gold standard? Injury 2021, 52, S18–S22. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Dujovny M, Aviles A, Agner C, Fernandez P, Charbel FT. Cranioplasty: cosmetic or therapeutic?. Surg Neurol. 1997; 47(3): 238–41. pmid:9068693 In the case of the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus, it was acquired with a XμCT system (see Table 1 and Supplementary Data). The virtual reconstruction of U. spelaeus ladinicus is shown in Figure 8. In this case, only the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the left canine were virtually repaired in Mimics. For repairing the right TMJ, a preliminary step was performed to preselect the left TMJ. With this anatomical selection, we proceeded to mirror the structure (the command is CMF/Simulation→Mirror in Mimics) ( Figures 8A–D). As this structure is essentially formed by trabecular bone with a high complexity of the trabeculae, it is unfeasible to generate a new layer of bone as performed in other fossils. Therefore, the easiest way to proceed here was to adapt the repositioned fragment and merge it later, through the command CMF/Simulation→Reposition and Merge in Mimics ( Figures 9A–D). The left canine was precisely reconstructed in the alveolar cavity, adapting the shape, size, and orientation of such dental piece to the specific anatomical requirements with the same command reposition tool ( Figure 9B). With this process, the skull of U. spelaeus ladinicus is fully repaired and reconstructed with the TMJ and the left canine ( Figure 9C). Once the skull was virtually reconstructed, its mesh was postprocessed. The analysis is explained in detail in “Mesh Postprocessing” section. Conclusion Several researchers have explored support structure improvement by optimal part orientation and algorithms for support structure optimization ( Jiang et al., 2018). However, the existence of support structures becomes problematic in structures with interior orifices and cavities. To overcome the problem as mentioned above, the design aspects become crucial. The generated structures are self-supporting, with surfaces having an overhang-angle smaller than a prescribed maximum overhang-angle. In our results, the quasi-self-supporting fabrication feasibility was supported by the organic Voronoi pattern prosthesis with high dimensional accuracy. The fabrication of implants without supports or a minimal number of support structures is imperative to reduce the manufacturing time, material consumption and improve the finishing processes. The analysis of the prosthesis's overall fit and congruence was assessed on a skull biomodel fabricated by BJ technology. BJ is a form of material jetting printing process and is very well-suited for anatomical biomodels requiring high accuracy ( Ziaee and Crane, 2019; Msallem et al., 2020). Furthermore, multi-color biomodels can be fabricated with ease. The process is fast and affordable as it does not need support structures ( Salmi, 2021). The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Author ContributionsCuc, N.T.K.; Cao, X.B.; Vu, T.D.; Thang, V.T. Design and Mechanical Evaluation of a Large Cranial Implant and Fixation Parts. Interdiscip. Neurosurg. 2023, 31, 101676. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] printing parameter optimization for the manufacture of the bespoke cranial implant and defected skull for Patient 1. 3D-Printed Part

Skull modify–This section loads the dataset once and handles its preparation. The user can apply transformations in form of rotation, translation, applying a transform matrix and much more. Further, the skull can be cut with a plane, where just one side of this plane will be visible. This option is necessary to get a view on the inner parts of the skull, for example, the inner edges. The output is a modified skull. Additive Manufacturing Processes for the Fabrication of Skull Biomodel and Biomimetic Patient-Specific Cranial Prostheses

Acknowledgments

Jindal, P.; Chaitanya; Bharadwaja, S.S.S.; Rattra, S.; Pareek, D.; Gupta, V.; Breedon, P.; Reinwald, Y.; Juneja, M. Optimizing cranial implant and fixture design using different materials in cranioplasty. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. L J. Mater. Des. Appl. 2023, 237, 107–121. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Dewan, M.C.; Rattani, A.; Gupta, S.; Baticulon, R.E.; Hung, Y.C.; Punchak, M.; Agrawal, A.; Adeleye, A.O.; Shrime, M.G.; Rubiano, A.M.; et al. Estimating the Global Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Neurosurg. 2018, 130, 1080–1097. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.00345/full#supplementary-material Footnotes Livesay, S.; Moser, H. Evidence-Based Nursing Review of Craniectomy Care. Stroke 2014, 45, e217–e219. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]