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Traber MG, Stevens JF (September 2011). "Vitamins C and E: beneficial effects from a mechanistic perspective". Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 51 (5): 1000–13. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.017. PMC 3156342. PMID 21664268. Zhang Y, Jiang W, Xie Z, Wu W, Zhang D. Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Public Health Nutrition. 2015;18(15):2804-2814. doi:10.1017/s1368980014003115 Sequestrants bind to vitamin E and reduce absorption. Any of these agents should be administered more than two hours before or after vitamin E.Colestyramine and colestipol reduce gastrointestinal absorption of vitamin E. Emami MR, Jamshidi S, Zarezadeh M, et al. Can vitamin E supplementation affect obesity indices? A systematic review and meta-analysis of twenty-four randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3201-3209. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.002 A worldwide summary of more than one hundred human studies reported a median of 22.1µmol/L for serum α-tocopherol, and defined α-tocopherol deficiency as less than 12µmol/L. It cited a recommendation that serum α-tocopherol concentration be ≥30µmol/L to optimize health benefits. [5] In contrast, the U.S. Dietary Reference Intake text for vitamin E concluded that a plasma concentration of 12µmol/L was sufficient to achieve normal ex vivo hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis. [3] A 2014 review defined less than 9µmol/L as deficient, 9-12µmol/L as marginal, and greater than 12µmol/L as adequate. [58]
Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine), as inducers of P450 enzymes, may lower plasma vitamin E levels.Consumption is below these government recommendations. Government survey results in the United States reported average consumption for adult females at 8.4mg/d and adult males 10.4mg/d. [44] Both are below the RDA of 15mg/day. A worldwide summary of more than one hundred studies reported a median dietary intake of 6.2mg/d for alpha-tocopherol. [5] Food labeling [ edit ]
a b Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, etal. (July 2005). "Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA. 294 (1): 56–65. doi: 10.1001/jama.294.1.56. PMID 15998891. Taking higher doses of vitamin E might increase the risk of side effects. Also, there is concern that people in poor health who take high doses of vitamin E are at increased risk of death. Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via a b Slatore CG, Littman AJ, Au DH, Satia JA, White E (March 2008). "Long-term use of supplemental multivitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and folate does not reduce the risk of lung cancer". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 177 (5): 524–30. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200709-1398OC. PMC 2258445. PMID 17989343. Nearly 50 years after the discovery of vitamin E an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association titled "Vitamin in search of a disease" read in part "...research revealed many of the vitamin's secrets, but no certain therapeutic use and no definite deficiency disease in man." The animal discovery experiments had been a requirement for successful pregnancy, but no benefits were observed for women prone to miscarriage. Evidence for vascular health was characterized as unconvincing. The editorial closed with mention of some preliminary human evidence for protection against hemolytic anemia in young children. [114]Lotan Y, Goodman PJ, Youssef RF, Svatek RS, Shariat SF, Tangen CM, etal. (June 2012). "Evaluation of vitamin E and selenium supplementation for the prevention of bladder cancer in SWOG coordinated SELECT". The Journal of Urology. 187 (6): 2005–10. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.117. PMC 4294531. PMID 22498220. Distribution of vitamin E to tissues, via the lymphatic system, occurs as a lipoprotein complex. High concentrations of vitamin E are found in the adrenals, pituitary, testes and thrombocytes. Chylomicron remnants, containing newly absorbed vitamin E, are taken up by the liver. Vitamin E is secreted from the liver in very low density lipoproteins. Plasma vitamin E concentrations depend upon the secretion of vitamin E from the liver. Vitamin E biosynthesis occurs in the plastid and goes through two different pathways: the Shikimate pathway and the Methylerythritol Phosphate pathway (MEP pathway). [28] Li FJ, Shen L, Ji HF (2012). "Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 31 (2): 253–58. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-120349. PMID 22543848. Jensen SK, Lauridsen C (2007). "Α‐Tocopherol Stereoisomers". Alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers. Vitamins & Hormones. Vol.76. pp.281–308. doi: 10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76010-7. ISBN 978-0-12-373592-8. PMID 17628178.
Active ingredients: vitamins A, D, E, and K; selenium; raw organic fruit and vegetable blend; raw probiotic and enzyme blend; and organic Vitex negundo Vitamin E was discovered in 1922, isolated in 1935, and first synthesized in 1938. Because the vitamin activity was first identified as essential for fertilized eggs to result in live births (in rats), it was given the name "tocopherol" from Greek words meaning birth and to bear or carry. [11] [12] [13] Alpha-tocopherol, either naturally extracted from plant oils or, most commonly, as the synthetic tocopheryl acetate, is sold as a popular dietary supplement, either by itself or incorporated into a multivitamin product, and in oils or lotions for use on skin. [2] [14] Chemistry [ edit ] General chemical structure of tocopherols RRR alpha-tocopherol; chiral points are where the three dashed lines connect to the side chain Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549-1556. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1437 During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. It’s important to select a vitamin E supplement made with high quality ingredients and few fillers.Vitamin E was discovered in 1922 by Herbert McLean Evans and Katharine Scott Bishop [11] and first isolated in a pure form by Evans and Gladys Anderson Emerson in 1935 at the University of California, Berkeley. [12] Because the vitamin activity was first identified as a dietary fertility factor in rats, it was given the name "tocopherol" from the Greek words "τόκος" [tókos, birth], and "φέρειν", [phérein, to bear or carry] meaning in sum "to carry a pregnancy," with the ending "-ol" signifying its status as a chemical alcohol. George M. Calhoun, Professor of Greek at the University of California, was credited with helping with the naming process. [13] Erhard Fernholz elucidated its structure in 1938 and shortly afterwards the same year, Paul Karrer and his team first synthesized it. [113] National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin E Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Georgousopoulou EN, Panagiotakos DB, Mellor DD, Naumovski N (January 2017). "Tocotrienols, health and ageing: A systematic review" (PDF). Maturitas. 95: 55–60. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.11.003. PMID 27889054. Vitamin E may have various roles as a vitamin. [4] Many biological functions have been postulated, including a role as a fat-soluble antioxidant. [4] In this role, vitamin E acts as a radical scavenger, delivering a hydrogen (H) atom to free radicals. At 323 kJ/ mol, the O-H bond in tocopherols is about 10% weaker than in most other phenols. [24] This weak bond allows the vitamin to donate a hydrogen atom to the peroxyl radical and other free radicals, minimizing their damaging effect. The thus-generated tocopheryl radical is recycled to tocopherol by a redox reaction with a hydrogen donor, such as vitamin C. [25] Wang X, Quinn PJ (July 1999). "Vitamin E and its function in membranes". Progress in Lipid Research. 38 (4): 309–36. doi: 10.1016/S0163-7827(99)00008-9. PMID 10793887.
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