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Magdalena (18 December 2020). "Utilizing sponge spicules in taxonomic, ecological and environmental reconstructions: a review". PeerJ. 8: e10601. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10601. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7751429. PMID 33384908.

An undeniable classic, Victoria sponge is one of the easiest cakes to make. Perfect for afternoon tea with sandwiches or alongside a fresh jug of Pimm's in the garden. Make sure to follow our top tips and you will be rewarded with the perfect sponge every time.

Spunj Ultra Thirsty Absorbent Pink Sponge

For reasons of hygiene and safety, personal grooming products, cosmetics or items of intimate clothing cannot be returned.

In the 1990s, sponges were widely regarded as a monophyletic group, all of them having descended from a common ancestor that was itself a sponge, and as the "sister-group" to all other metazoans (multi-celled animals), which themselves form a monophyletic group. On the other hand, some 1990s analyses also revived the idea that animals' nearest evolutionary relatives are choanoflagellates, single-celled organisms very similar to sponges' choanocytes – which would imply that most Metazoa evolved from very sponge-like ancestors and therefore that sponges may not be monophyletic, as the same sponge-like ancestors may have given rise both to modern sponges and to non-sponge members of Metazoa. [113]

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Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7thed.). Brooks / Cole. p.78. ISBN 978-0-03-025982-1.

Most known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes. However, the genus Chondrocladia uses a highly modified water flow system to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey. [39] [42] Endosymbionts However, reanalysis of the data showed that the computer algorithms used for analysis were misled by the presence of specific ctenophore genes that were markedly different from those of other species, leaving sponges as either the sister group to all other animals, or an ancestral paraphyletic grade. [120] [121] 'Family trees' constructed using a combination of all available data – morphological, developmental and molecular – concluded that the sponges are in fact a monophyletic group, and with the cnidarians form the sister group to the bilaterians. [122] [123] Gold DA, Grabenstatter J, de Mendoza A, Riesgo A, Ruiz-Trillo I, Summons RE (March 2016). "Sterol and genomic analyses validate the sponge biomarker hypothesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (10): 2684–2689. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113.2684G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512614113. PMC 4790988. PMID 26903629. Yahel G, Whitney F, Reiswig HM, Eerkes-Medrano DI, Leys SP (2007). "In situ feeding and metabolism of glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Porifera) studied in a deep temperate fjord with a remotely operated submersible". Limnology and Oceanography. 52 (1): 428–440. Bibcode: 2007LimOc..52..428Y. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.9627. doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0428. S2CID 86297053.Sifting your flour into the butter and egg mixture will aerate it, further incorporating air into the mixture. It is important to gently fold the aerated flour into the mixture, using a large metal spoon, and until it is only just incorporated. This will ensure that as much as the air structure previously created, is maintained. We now offer Vegan Cakes as well - our Vegan Chocolate Cake, Vegan Carrot Cake and Vegan Chocolate Caramel Fudge Cake. These are perfect for those following a vegan diet or those that cannot eat dairy as they use plant-based ingredients. They are great dairy free cakes to send to a friend or family member for a special occasion. Whelan NV, Kocot KM, Moroz LL, Halanych KM (May 2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5773–8. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1503453112. PMC 4426464. PMID 25902535. McClenachan L (2008). "Social conflict, Over-fishing and Disease in the Florida Sponge Fishery, 1849–1939". In Starkey DJ, Holm P, Barnard M (eds.). Oceans Past: Management Insights from the History of Marine Animal Populations. Earthscan. pp.25–27. ISBN 978-1-84407-527-0. However, in the 1980s it was found that these were all members of either the Calcarea or the Demospongiae. [91]

Although most of the approximately 5,000–10,000known species of sponges feed on bacteria and other microscopic food in the water, some host photosynthesizing microorganisms as endosymbionts, and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume. A few species of sponges that live in food-poor environments have evolved as carnivores that prey mainly on small crustaceans. [11] Below is a recipe for a plain Victoria sponge. Once you have perfected this, use the sponge recipe as a vehicle for any of your favourite flavour combinations! Get creative and try some of our suggestions;Olson JB, Gochfeld DJ, Slattery M (July 2006). "Aplysina red band syndrome: a new threat to Caribbean sponges". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 71 (2): 163–8. doi: 10.3354/dao071163. PMID 16956064. a b c Borchiellini C, Manuel M, Alivon E, Boury-Esnault N, Vacelet J, Le Parco Y (January 2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. PMID 29280585. Giribet G (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi: 10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN 1463-6409. Regardless of these differences, sponges are important inhabitants of coral reef ecosystems. A diverse sponge population can affect water quality on the reef as the sponges filter water, collect bacteria, and process carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. In nutrient-depleted coral reefs, some sponge species are thought to make carbon biologically available by excreting a form of “sponge poop” that other organisms feed on, thereby fueling productivity throughout the ecosystem. In this way, sponges protect the reef against extreme fluctuations in nutrient density, temperature, and light, benefiting the survival of other reef organisms. A very large and internally consistent alignment of 1,719proteins at the metazoan scale, published in 2017, showed that (i)sponges – represented by Homoscleromorpha, Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Demospongiae – are monophyletic, (ii)sponges are sister-group to all other multicellular animals, (iii)ctenophores emerge as the second-earliest branching animal lineage, and (iv) placozoans emerge as the third animal lineage, followed by cnidarians sister-group to bilaterians. [4]