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Seaports Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25million tons per annum). Pakistan has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution. [233] [234] As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth. [235] Muhammad Ayub Khan, then president of Pakistan signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly [236] [237] and member of Parliament and adviser to the Prime Minister, Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer, attended the World Constituent Assembly at Interlaken, Switzerland in August, 1968. [238]
In October 2019, a project for the construction of tramway service in Lahore has also been signed by the Punjab Government. This project will be launched under public-private partnership in a joint venture of European and Chinese companies along with the Punjab transport department. [395]In addition, some Pakistanis also do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population. Despite the UN arms embargo on Bosnia, General Javed Nasir of the ISI airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege. Under Nasir's leadership the ISI was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province, rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines, and some religious groups in Central Asia. [285] The Arab conqueror Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711CE. [55] [56] The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid [55] [57] but the concept of Pakistan arrived in the 19th century. The Early Medieval period (642–1219CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. [58] Upon the defeat of the Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the Kabul Valley, Gandhara (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857CE).
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, a respected Deobandi alim (scholar) who occupied the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Pakistan in 1949, and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat-i-Islami played a pivotal role in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdudi demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an explicit declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan. [91]Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior (or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower) judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief judge who oversees the judicature's court system at all levels of command. The superior judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Federal Shariat Court and five high courts, with the Supreme Court at the apex. The Constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve, protect and defend the constitution. Other regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan have separate court systems. Located in the strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fibre optics, Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries. [191] Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative to represent Pakistan's positions in international politics. [192] Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of " enlightened moderation" in the Muslim world. [193] Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations, [194] the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), [195] and the G20 developing nations. [196] President of Pakistan Ayub Khan with US President John F. Kennedy in 1961
After independence in 1947, Jinnah, the President of the Muslim League, became the nation's first Governor-General as well as the first President-Speaker of the Parliament, but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948. [84] Meanwhile, Pakistan's founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan, the secretary-general of the party, the nation's first Prime Minister. From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations, and had two monarchs before it became a republic. [85] Main articles: Literature of Pakistan, Urdu poetry, and Pakistani philosophy Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan The majority of Pakistanis are Muslims (96.47%) followed by Hindus (2.14%) and Christians (1.27%). There are also smaller minorities who adhere to Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism ( Parsi). The Kalash people maintain a unique identity and religion within Pakistan, practicing a form of animism and ancestor worship. [484] The diversity of the landscape and climate in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish. The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce, pine, and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains to deciduous trees in most of the country (for example, the mulberry-like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains), to palms such as coconut and date in the southern Punjab, southern Balochistan, and all of Sindh. The western hills are home to juniper, tamarisk, coarse grasses, and scrub plants. Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south. [164] Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. [165]
Christians formed the next largest religious minority after Hindus, with 1.27% of the population following it. [453] The highest concentration of Christians in Pakistan is in Lahore District (5%) in Punjab province and in Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian). There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi that was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed by the British during the colonial administration between World War I and World War II. [499] Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when PCs were introduced; Pakistan has about 82million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration as of 2020 [update]. [342] Key publications have been produced by Pakistan, and domestic software development has gained considerable international praise. [421]
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