TactiBite Fish Call - Electronic Fish Attractor by TactiBite

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The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior. [57] As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation. [57] The forebrain is connected to the midbrain via the diencephalon (in the diagram, this structure is below the optic lobes and consequently not visible). The diencephalon performs functions associated with hormones and homeostasis. [57] The pineal body lies just above the diencephalon. This structure detects light, maintains circadian rhythms, and controls color changes. [57] The midbrain or mesencephalon contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow trout and cichlids. [57] Animal welfare advocates raise concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. Some countries, such as Germany, have banned specific types of fishing, and the British RSPCA now formally prosecutes individuals who are cruel to fish. [57] Emotion

Küchler AM, Gjini E, Peterson-Maduro J, Cancilla B, Wolburg H, Schulte-Merker S (2006). "Development of the Zebrafish Lymphatic System Requires Vegfc Signaling" (PDF). Current Biology. 16 (12): 1244–1248. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.026. PMID 16782017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 November 2020 . Retrieved 5 June 2020. Briand, Frederic and Galil, Bella 2002. Alien marine organisms introduced by ships – An overview https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240305530 Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium, then through the oviduct and are eliminated. Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed ova into the coelom from which they go directly into the oviduct. In the third type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct. [63] Gymnovaries are the primitive condition found in lungfish, sturgeon, and bowfin. Cystovaries characterize most teleosts, where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct. [62] Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few other teleosts. The above scheme is the one most commonly encountered in non-specialist and general works. Many of the above groups are paraphyletic, in that they have given rise to successive groups: Agnatha are ancestral to Placodermi, who again have given rise to Osteichthyes, as well as to Acanthodii, the ancestors of Chondrichthyes. With the arrival of phylogenetic nomenclature, the fishes has been split up into a more detailed scheme, with the following major groups:Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods. Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-31001-0. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) contains the two optic lobes. These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow trout and cichlids. [41]

a b c d Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.173–177. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. Icardo, José M. (2006). "Conus arteriosus of the teleost heart: Dismissed, but not missed". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 288A (8): 900–908. doi: 10.1002/ar.a.20361. ISSN 1552-4884. PMID 16835938. S2CID 9676359. a b c d e Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp.410–411. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. Fish reproductive organs include testicles and ovaries. In most species, gonads are paired organs of similar size, which can be partially or totally fused. [62] There may also be a range of secondary organs that increase reproductive fitness. A relative of the seahorses, the leafy seadragon's appendages allow it to camouflage (in the form of crypsis) with the surrounding seaweed. The psychedelic mandarin dragonet is one of only two fish species where the blue colouring has been shown to be due to blue pigment containing chromatophores in the skin. [22]The liver is a large vital organ present in all fish. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. It is very susceptible to contamination by organic and inorganic compounds because they can accumulate over time and cause potentially life-threatening conditions. Because of the liver's capacity for detoxification and storage of harmful components, it is often used as an environmental biomarker. [40] Heart [ edit ] Blood flow through the heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract Cardiovascular cycle in a fish a b Helfman, Gene S. (2007). Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources. Island Press. p.11. ISBN 978-1-59726-760-1. Martin, K.L.M. (2014). Beach-Spawning Fishes: Reproduction in an Endangered Ecosystem. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-0797-2. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints ( intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord). However, a few fish have secondarily [ clarification needed] lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon. [9] Sánchez, Flor; Smitz, Johan (1 December 2012). "Molecular control of oogenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. Molecular Genetics of Human Reproductive Failure. 1822 (12): 1896–1912. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.013. ISSN 0925-4439. PMID 22634430.