A History of Japan

Product Information

Japan has invested heavily in transportation infrastructure. [213] The country has approximately 1,200,000 kilometers (750,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,000,000 kilometers (620,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 130,000 kilometers (81,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 54,736 kilometers (34,011 miles) of general national highways and 7641 kilometers (4748 miles) of national expressways as of 2017 [update]. [214] Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. pp.42, 217. ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7. Smith, Sheila A. (May 27, 2021). "The Quad in the Indo-Pacific: What to Know". Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved January 26, 2022. Tabata, Ryoichi; Kakioka, Ryo; Tominaga, Koji; Komiya, Takefumi; Watanabe, Katsutoshi (2016). "Phylogeny and historical demography of endemic fishes in Lake Biwa: The ancient lake as a promoter of evolution and diversification of freshwater fishes in western Japan". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (8): 2601–2623. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2070. PMC 4798153. PMID 27066244.

Nagatsuka, Kaz (June 14, 2017). "Sato revels in glow of historic Indy 500 triumph". The Japan Times. Tange, Kenzo; Kawazoe, Noboru (1965). Ise: Prototype of Japanese Architecture. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Semuels, Alana (July 20, 2017). "The Mystery of Why Japanese People Are Having So Few Babies". The Atlantic. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 2018 . Retrieved May 25, 2020. Economic survey of Japan 2008". OECD. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010 . Retrieved August 25, 2010.Ito, Kinko (February 2005). "A History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and Society". Journal of Popular Culture. 38 (3): 456–475. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-3840.2005.00123.x. Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. [119] Since the late 19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established a civil code based on the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, which remains in effect with post–World War II modifications. [120] The Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947, is the oldest unamended constitution in the world. [121] Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes. [119] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. [122] Fujimoto, Shouji; Mizuno, Takayuki; Ohnishi, Takaaki; Shimizu, Chihiro; Watanabe, Tsutomu (2017). "Relationship between population density and population movement in inhabitable lands". Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review. 14: 117–130. doi: 10.1007/s40844-016-0064-z. Japan 2018 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). US Department of State . Retrieved November 20, 2020.

Historical Air Pollution in Japan] (in Japanese). Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011 . Retrieved March 2, 2014. In 1156, a dispute over succession to the throne erupted and the two rival claimants ( Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Emperor Sutoku) hired the Taira and Minamoto clans in the hopes of securing the throne by military force. During this war, the Taira clan led by Taira no Kiyomori defeated the Minamoto clan. Kiyomori used his victory to accumulate power for himself in Kyoto and even installed his own grandson Antoku as emperor. The outcome of this war led to the rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans. As a result, the dispute and power struggle between both clans led to the Heiji rebellion in 1160. In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori was challenged by an uprising led by Minamoto no Yoritomo, a member of the Minamoto clan whom Kiyomori had exiled to Kamakura. [62] Though Taira no Kiyomori died in 1181, the ensuing bloody Genpei War between the Taira and Minamoto families continued for another four years. The victory of the Minamoto clan was sealed in 1185, when a force commanded by Yoritomo's younger brother, Minamoto no Yoshitsune, scored a decisive victory at the naval Battle of Dan-no-ura. Yoritomo and his retainers thus became the de facto rulers of Japan. [63] Heian culture [ edit ] A handscroll painting dated c. 1130, illustrating a scene from the "Bamboo River" chapter of The Tale of Genji Fujita, Hiroko; Stallings, Fran (2008). Folktales from the Japanese Countryside. Libraries Unlimited. pp.148–. ISBN 978-1-59158-488-9. The Modernization and Development of Education in Japan". The History of Japan's Educational Development (PDF). Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute. March 2004. p.23.Clarke, Len. "Japanese Omnibus: Sports". Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007 . Retrieved April 1, 2007. a b Ramesh, S (2020). "The Taisho Period (1912–1926): Transition from Democracy to a Military Economy". China's Economic Rise. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.173–209. ISBN 978-3-030-49811-5. Worth, Roland H. Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. pp.56, 86. ISBN 978-0-7864-0141-3.

Fox, Senan (September 2016). "The Senkaku Shoto/Diaoyu Islands and Okinotorishima disputes: Ideational and material influences". China Information. 30 (3): 312–333. doi: 10.1177/0920203X16665778. Japan is the third-largest automobile producer in the world as of 2022 [update] and is home to Toyota, the world's largest automobile company by vehicle production. [185] [187] Quantitatively, Japan was the world's largest exporter of cars in 2021, [188] though it was overtaken by China in early 2023. [189] [190] The Japanese shipbuilding industry faces increasing competition from its East Asian neighbors, South Korea and China; as a 2020 government initiative identified this sector as a target for increasing exports. [191]Around the 3rd century BC, the Yayoi people from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization. [2] Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the Jōmon people, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers. [3] Science, technology, and innovation: Researchers by sex, per million inhabitants, per thousand labour force, per thousand total employment (FTE and HC)". UNESCO . Retrieved November 11, 2020.

Gale, Alastair; Tsuneoka, Chieko (July 14, 2020). "China Provocations Hasten Japan's Military Revival". The Wall Street Journal.

Religion

Record High in Japan as Heat Wave Grips the Region". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. During the Edo period, the chōnin ("townspeople") overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature. The popularity of the works of Saikaku, for example, reveals this change in readership and authorship, while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai ( haiku) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi. [301] The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were significant novelists in the early 20th century, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Kafū Nagai and, more recently, Haruki Murakami and Kenji Nakagami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors– Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburō Ōe (1994). [302]