Japan's Infamous Unit 731: First-hand Accounts of Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation Program (Tuttle Classics)

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a b Morimura, Seiichi (1984). Zu Binghe translation of Ogre's Cave: terrible inside story of the bacteriological warfare unit from Japan's Kwantung Army. Beijing: Qunzhong Chubanshe. pp.108–109. In addition to the accusations of propaganda, the US also asserted that the trials were to only serve as a distraction from the Soviet treatment of several hundred thousand Japanese prisoners of war; meanwhile, the USSR asserted that the US had given the Japanese diplomatic leniency in exchange for information about their human experimentation. However, former Unit 731 members had also passed information about their biological experimentation to the Soviet government in exchange for judicial leniency. [114] This was evidenced by the Soviet Union building a biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from Unit731 in Manchuria. [115] Official silence during the American occupation of Japan History of United States' biological weapons program – The Federation of American Scientists (FAS).

The Narrow Road to the Deep North, a Booker Prize-winning 2014 novel by Australian writer Richard Flanagan, refers extensively to the atrocities committed by a doctor who served in Unit731. His younger brother, Prince Mikasa, toured the Unit 731 headquarters in China, and wrote in his memoir that he watched films showing how Chinese prisoners were "made to march on the plains of Manchuria for poison gas experiments on humans." [1] Takashi Tsuchiya. "The Imperial Japanese Experiments in China". The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, pp, 35, 42. Oxford University Press, 2011. Kathleen Woods Masalski (November 2001). "Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies". Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14 . Retrieved 2012-07-30. Harris, S.H. (2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up. Routledge. p.63. ISBN 978-0415932141. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07 . Retrieved 2017-07-08.

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Kei-ichi, Tsuneishi; Asano, Tomizo (1982). Kieta saikin-sen butai to jiketsu shita futari no igakusha[ The biological warfare unit and two physicians who committed suicide] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shinchosha. The Grimnoire Series, an alternative-history series of novels by Larry Correia, has Unit731 conducting brutal magical experiments on prisoners of the Japanese Imperium. Unit 731 ( Japanese: ７３１部隊, Hepburn: Nana-san-ichi Butai ), [note 1] short for Manshu Detachment731 and also known as the Kamo Detachment [3] :198 and the Ishii Unit, [5] was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that engaged in lethal human experimentation and biological weapons manufacturing during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It killed an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people. It was based in the Pingfang district of Harbin, the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China) and had active branch offices throughout China and Southeast Asia. Ken Alibek and S. Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran it. 1999. Delta (2000) ISBN 0385334966. Neuman, William Lawrence (2008). Understanding Research. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, p. 65. ISBN 0205471536

RARE) Yoshimura Hisato (excerpt of a telephone interview conducted by Mainichi Shimbun)". Vimeo. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07 . Retrieved 2021-10-07. IAB8] Imperial Japanese Medical Atrocities". osaka-cu.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-10-02.People may not agree on how many people were killed by the criminals in Unit 731, who did it, how it was done, or why it occurred. They can, and should, look critically upon America's decisions after the war, too. Sometimes the truth is pretty elusive," says Sneider. "To some degree, the goal is not necessarily always to establish 'the fact.' That's a good goal, but it may not be possible. The goal, if you're seeking reconciliation, the goal may be to understand the different perceptions of the other. Buruma, Ian (4 June 2015). "In North Korea: Wonder & Terror". www.chinafile.com. The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 November 2016. Japanese history textbooks usually contain references to Unit731, but do not go into detail about allegations, in accordance with this principle. [129] [130] Saburō Ienaga's New History of Japan included a detailed description, based on officers' testimony. The Ministry for Education attempted to remove this passage from his textbook before it was taught in public schools, on the basis that the testimony was insufficient. The Supreme Court of Japan ruled in 1997 that the testimony was indeed sufficient and that requiring it to be removed was an illegal violation of freedom of speech. [131] Gold, Hal; Totani, Yuma. (2019). Japan's Infamous Unit 731: First-hand Accounts of Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation Program. United States: Tuttle Publishing. pp.169–170. ISBN 978-0804852197.

a b David C. Rapoport. "Terrorism and Weapons of the Apocalypse". In James M. Ludes, Henry Sokolski (eds.), Twenty-First Century Weapons Proliferation: Are We Ready? Routledge, 2001. pp. 19, 29 Harris, Sheldon. "Factories of Death" (PDF). p.28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-08 . Retrieved 2019-05-31. a b c "Japan – Insects, Disease, and History | Montana State University". Montana.edu . Retrieved 2022-06-01. Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century (2006) pp. 38–39 a b Kristof, Nicholas D. (17 March 1995). "Unmasking Horror – A special report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2017.The New York Times interviewed a former member of Unit 731. Insisting on anonymity, the former Japanese medical assistant recounted his first experience in vivisecting a live human being, who had been deliberately infected with the plague, for the purpose of developing "plague bombs" for war. a b c d e f Kristof, Nicholas D. (1995-03-17). "Unmasking Horror – A special report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14 . Retrieved 2019-07-14. Vanderbrook, Alan Jay (2013). Imperial Japan's Human Experiments Before And During World War Two (MA thesis). University of Central Florida. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17 . Retrieved 2017-10-27. Alexander Street". Alexander Street. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26 . Retrieved 2021-09-24.

Croddy, Eric; Wirtz, James (2005). Weapons of Mass Destruction: Chemical and biological weapons. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851094905. Unit 731: One of the Most Terrifying Secrets of the 20th Century". Archived from the original on March 8, 2017 . Retrieved November 8, 2015. In June-July 1944, during the Battle of Saipan, plague-infested fleas were again to be used against U.S. forces. Fortuitously for the Americans, by this stage in the war it had become almost impossible for the Japanese to get any reinforcements and or matériel to its island bastions, and the Japanese submarine carrying the fleas was sunk en route. reddened, swollen. Covered with millet-seed-size to bean-size blisters. Eyelids and conjunctivae hyperemic and edematous. Had difficulties opening the eyes.In Japan, wartime memory is highly contested within Japan. They've been battling over these issues since 1945. Sometimes it's important just for Koreans and Chinese and Americans to understand what's going on within Japan. That path is contrived; to try to get to reconciliation by agreeing on what happened." X, X (1950). Materials On The Trial Of Former Servicemen Of The Japanese Army Charged With Manufacturing And Employing Bacteriological Weapons. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. p.366. Moreover, the area became the perfect place to develop and test Ishii’s new biological and chemical weapons, a place where he would be free to conduct any kind of experiment he deemed beneficial.