TOTALITA' PERIFERICA COME DIMENSIONE ATTUALE DE...

Product Information

FROMM, Erich. Strach ze svobody. 2. vyd. Praha: Portál, 2014. 239s. ISBN 978-80-262-0615-6. S.88. [dále jen Fromm]. Gleason, Abbott. Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1995.

Other studies try to link modern technological changes to totalitarianism. According to Shoshana Zuboff, the economic pressures of modern surveillance capitalism are driving the intensification of connection and monitoring online with spaces of social life becoming open to saturation by corporate actors, directed at the making of profit and/or the regulation of action. [77] Toby Ord believed that Orwell's fears of totalitarianism constituted a notable early precursor to modern notions of anthropogenic existential risk, the concept that a future catastrophe could permanently destroy the potential of Earth-originating intelligent life due in part to technological changes, creating a permanent technological dystopia. Ord said that Orwell's writings show that his concern was genuine rather than just a throwaway part of the fictional plot of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 1949, Orwell wrote that "[a] ruling class which could guard against (four previously enumerated sources of risk) would remain in power permanently." [78] That same year, Bertrand Russell wrote that "modern techniques have made possible a new intensity of governmental control, and this possibility has been exploited very fully in totalitarian states." [79] omezení svobody projevu, včetně autocenzury (lidé se obávají vyslovit názor), kontrola tisku a přidělování papíru, Vladimír Nosek: Independent Bohemia. An Account of the Czecho-Slovak Struggle for Liberty. London 1918 V této souvislosti není možná opozice a naprosto vše se podřizuje návrhům vládnoucí strany. Je zjevně neslučitelné s jakoukoli formou demokracie, protože staví nade vše samotný stát a činí jej samoúčelným. Skutečný svět je obtížné vtěsnat do slovních kategorií, a tak je pojem totalitarismus zdrojem téměř nekonečných diskusí, který režim v kterém období ještě byl totalitou a který již ne. Na tento problém narazili již zakladatelé totalitární školy (H. Arendtová, R. Aron), kteří si rovněž uvědomovali základní diametrální rozdíl mezi například Frankovým režimem a Hitlerovým nacionálním socialismem.democracy is not just one form of social life among other workable forms of social life; it is the precondition for the full application of intelligence to the solution of social problems. (Putnam, 1992: 180). The term “totalitarianism” is also sometimes used to refer to movements that in one way or another manifest extreme dictatorial and fanatical methods, such as cults and forms of religious extremism, and it remains controversial in scope. It has been a topic of interdisciplinary interest, with various typologies offered by political scientists (see Friedrich and Brzezinski 1956 for the locus classicus of such approaches).

For Fromm, Protestantism stimulated the development of individualism in its stress on individual success and good works, dutiful submission to God, thrift, and a significant sphere for secular authority. A self-reinforcing causal mechanism became increasingly apparent, especially among the middle classes of modern capitalist society, as the new form of Christianity helped to create the modern individual, and was in turn strengthened by the resultant socio-economic psychology of modern European society.

Volby v demokratické společnosti

Popper explained the appeal of historicism as a product of a false conception of the power of social science and historiography, combined with alienation and dissatisfaction: Za zmínku stojí, že kořeny tohoto pojmu lze vystopovat již v textech Sieyèse z období Francouzské revoluce, který používá termín res total (ré-totale). Lilla, Mark. “Arendt and Eichmann: The New Truth.” New York Review of Books, November 21, 2013. Online version. commitment to holistic or utopian social engineering] prejudices the Utopianist against certain sociological hypotheses which state limits to institutional control….problems connected with the uncertainty of the human factor must force the Utopianist, whether he likes it or not, to try to control the human factor by institutional means, and to extend his programme, so as to embrace not only the transformation of society, according to plan, but also the transformation of man. (Popper, 1960: 69-70).

Tváří v tvář totalitě je těžké nenechat se zasáhnout, a i když v režimu tohoto typu také často dochází k autoritářským situacím, většinou vše nepodporuje vůdce, jako v případě autokracií, ale strana. To je důvod, proč totalitní diktatury po smrti nejvyššího vůdce většinou nekončí, zatímco tradiční diktatury ano. In the book titled Democracy and Totalitarianism (1968), French analyst Raymond Aron outlined five criteria for a regime to be considered as totalitarian: [53] Diverse philosophical perspectives have been employed. They share the important common denominator of an appeal to the value of human life, critical thought, and a pluralistic society. Many of the key figures among the anti-totalitarian thinkers discussed here were European Jewish refugees who escaped totalitarian systems. Many who work on this question have been motivated by a desire to come to grips, philosophically, with what is undoubtedly the greatest intellectual justification for mass murder in history: the twentieth century totalitarian state. Table of Contents Totalitární zneužívání trestního práva skončilo v roce 1963, poté se stát v trestní oblasti choval jako prostá diktatura. Intermezzem bylo Pražské jaro (1968–1969), kdy byla obnovena svoboda projevu. Následující régime normalisace, jehož počátek lze datovat již okupací Československa 21. srpna 1968, byl opět policejní stát.Weigel, George; Weigel, Senior Fellow John M. Olin Chair in Religion and American Democracy George (1987). Tranquillitas Ordinis: The Present Failure and Future Promise of American Catholic Thought on War and Peace. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195041934. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01 . Retrieved 2022-05-01. As a political ideology in itself, totalitarianism is a distinctly modernist phenomenon, and it has very complex historical roots. Philosopher Karl Popper traced its roots to Plato, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's conception of the state, and the political philosophy of Karl Marx, [2] although Popper's conception of totalitarianism has been criticized in academia, and remains highly controversial. [3] [4] Other philosophers and historians such as Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer trace the origin of totalitarian doctrines to the Age of Enlightenment, especially to the anthropocentrist idea that "Man has become the master of the world, a master unbound by any links to nature, society, and history." [5] In the 20th century, the idea of absolute state power was first developed by Italian Fascists, and concurrently in Germany by the jurist and Nazi academic Carl Schmitt during the Weimar Republic in the 1920s. Fromm analyses various “mechanisms of escape” by which the alienated seek relief from the burden of individual autonomy. Prime strategies, linked to totalitarianism’s appeal, are unthinking submission to the leader, and mindless conformity. The latter trend he saw not just in totalitarian society, but in capitalist democracies as well, and as requiring concerted social activism. postih oponentů a jejich potomků (znemožnění vzdělání, zaměstnání, sociálních aktivit, odnětí svobody, nucené práce, mučení) – mnohdy dochází k postihu celé řady lidí – např. po zveřejnění článku Bohumila Peroutky k 28. říjnu 1969 vsetínští normalizační komunisté trestali nejen autora, ale i cenzora a šéfredaktora, čímž byl autor dohnán k sebeupálení,