Confessions of a Sociopath: A Life Spent Hiding In Plain Sight

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Walters, Glenn D. (2004). "The Trouble with Psychopathy as a General Theory of Crime". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 48 (2): 133–48. doi: 10.1177/0306624X03259472. PMID 15070462. S2CID 40939723. Although the core character deficits of highly psychopathic individuals are likely to be highly incorrigible to the currently available treatment methods, the antisocial and criminal behavior associated with it may be more amenable to management, the management of which being the main aim of therapy programs in correctional settings. [200] It has been suggested that the treatments that may be most likely to be effective at reducing overt antisocial and criminal behavior are those that focus on self-interest, emphasizing the tangible, material value of prosocial behavior, with interventions that develop skills to obtain what the patient wants out of life in prosocial rather than antisocial ways. [206] [207] To this end, various therapies have been tried with the aim of reducing the criminal activity of incarcerated offenders with psychopathy, with mixed success. [200] As psychopathic individuals are insensitive to sanction, reward-based management, in which small privileges are granted in exchange for good behavior, has been suggested and used to manage their behavior in institutional settings. [208]

a b Walsh, Zach; Swogger, Marc T.; Walsh, Tiffany; Kosson, David S. (December 2007). "Psychopathy and violence: increasing specificity". Netherlands Journal of Psychology. New York City: Springer Science+Business Media. 63 (4): 125–132. doi: 10.1007/BF03061075. PMC 2817979. PMID 20148183. Studies have suggested a strong correlation between psychopathy scores and violence, and the PCL-R emphasizes features that are somewhat predictive of violent behavior. Researchers, however, have noted that psychopathy is dissociable from and not synonymous with violence. [4] [84] [85] a b Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian (July 2009). "Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. New York City: Elsevier. 32 (4): 253–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.002. ISSN 0160-2527. PMID 19409615. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 April 2016. Psychopathy is a mental health condition characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits. [1] [2] [3] Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history that are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory. [4]

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a b "Frequently asked questions". Psychopath Test. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2019. a b c Hare, Robert D.; Neumann, Craig S. (2008). "Psychopathy as a Clinical and Empirical Construct" (PDF). Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 4 (1): 217–46. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452. PMID 18370617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-09-14. a b Blair, R.J.R (2008). "The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: Functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1503): 2557–65. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0027. PMC 2606709. PMID 18434283.

Bluglass, R (1994). "Who's psychopathic now? A recent report has few new solutions and calls for more research". BMJ. 309 (6958): 826. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6958.826. PMC 2541046. PMID 7950601.

Häkkänen-Nyholm, Helinä; Nyholm, Jan-Olof, eds. (2012). Psychopathy and Law: A Practitioners Guide. John Wiley & Sons. p.177. ISBN 978-0-470-97238-0. a b "Psycho". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 . Retrieved 7 Sep 2013. a b c Andrade, Joel (23 Mar 2009). Handbook of Violence Risk Assessment and Treatment: New Approaches for Mental Health Professionals. New York City: Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-9904-1. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved January 5, 2014– via Google Books. Hare, Robert D. (1999). Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us. New York City: Guilford Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-57230-451-2. If you're succeeding under a bully boss, you may be a psy

Marcus, David K.; John, Siji L.; Edens, John F. (2004). "A Taxometric Analysis of Psychopathic Personality". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 113 (4): 626–35. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.626. PMID 15535794. Bartels, M.; Hudziak, J. J.; van den Oord, E. J. C. G.; van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M.; Rietveld, M. J. H.; Boomsma, D. I. (2003-09-01). "Co-occurrence of Aggressive Behavior and Rule-Breaking Behavior at Age 12: Multi-Rater Analyses". Behavior Genetics. 33 (5): 607–621. doi: 10.1023/a:1025787019702. ISSN 0001-8244. PMID 14574136. S2CID 8480586. Archived from the original on 2020-10-14 . Retrieved 2018-10-25. Decety, J., & Skelly, L. (2013). The neural underpinnings of the experience of empathy: Lessons for psychopathy. In K. N. Ochsner and S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience – Volume 2 (pp. 228-243). New York: Oxford University Press. Line, Samantha J.; Barkus, Chris; Rawlings, Nancy; Jennings, Katie; McHugh, Stephen; Sharp, Trevor; Bannerman, David M. (December 2014). "Reduced sensitivity to both positive and negative reinforcement in mice over-expressing the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter". European Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (12): 3735–3745. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12744. PMC 4737229. PMID 25283165.It has been suggested that psychopathy is associated with "instrumental aggression", also known as predatory, proactive, or "cold blooded" aggression, a form of aggression characterized by reduced emotion and conducted with a goal differing from but facilitated by the commission of harm. [86] [87] One conclusion in this regard was made by a 2002 study of homicide offenders, which reported that the homicides committed by homicidal offenders with psychopathy were almost always (93.3%) primarily instrumental, significantly more than the proportion (48.4%) of those committed by non-psychopathic homicidal offenders, with the instrumentality of the homicide also correlated with the total PCL-R score of the offender as well as their scores on the Factor 1 "interpersonal-affective" dimension. However, contrary to the equating of this to mean exclusively "in cold blood", more than a third of the homicides committed by psychopathic offenders involved some component of emotional reactivity as well. [88] In any case, FBI profilers indicate that serious victim injury is generally an emotional offense, and some research supports this, at least with regard to sexual offending. One study has found more serious offending by non-psychopathic offenders on average than by offenders with psychopathy (e.g. more homicides versus more armed robbery and property offenses) and another that the Affective facet of the PCL-R predicted reduced offense seriousness. [4] It has been suggested that those who share the same emotional deficiencies and psychopathic features, but are properly socialized, should not be designated as 'psychopaths'. [45] Bonn, Scott A. (August 2014). "Psychopathic Criminals Cannot Be Cured". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2016. Roose, Annelore; Bijttebier, Patricia; Van der Oord, Saskia; Claes, Laurence; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (2013-01-01). "Psychopathic Traits in Youth and Associations with Temperamental Features". Journal of Individual Differences. 34 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000090. ISSN 1614-0001. S2CID 145437921. a b "Psychopath". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2013-09-20 . Retrieved January 21, 2012.