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influence development independently of environmental factors; genetic and nongenetic factors always cooperate to build traits. The reality is that Overall, intelligence results from complex interplay between genes and environment over development. Molecular genetics offers promise to clarify these mechanisms. The nature vs nurture debate is outdated – both play key roles. Nativism (Extreme Nature Position) For example, research by Caspi et al. (2003) demonstrated that a particular gene (MAOA) can interact with childhood maltreatment to increase the risk of aggressive behavior in adulthood. Nurture assumes that correlations between environmental factors and psychological outcomes are caused environmentally. For example, how much parents read with their children and how well children learn to read appear to be related. Other examples include environmental stress and its effect on depression.
Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences, and learning on an individual. Now we can see why the nature-nurture debate has become such a hotly contested issue. What begins as an attempt to understand the causes of behavioral differences often develops into a politically motivated dispute about distributive justice and power in society.So, children that are genetically predisposed to be competent readers, will be happy to listen to their parents read them stories, and be more likely to encourage this interaction. Interaction Effects Freud (1905) stated that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory states that aggression is learned from the environment through observation and imitation. This is seen in his famous bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961). The Bobo doll experiment conducted by Albert Bandura supported the role of nurture in human development. It demonstrated that children learn aggressive behavior through observing and imitating adult models, highlighting the influence of environmental factors, particularly social learning, on behavior rather than innate predispositions. nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways (Gottlieb, 2007; Johnston & Edwards, 2002). At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be confused with the other empirical/scientific approach).
He thought that parenting is of primary importance to a child’s development, and the family as the most important feature of nurture was a common theme throughout twentieth-century psychology (which was dominated by environmentalists’ theories). Behavioral Genetics Behavioral genetics has enabled psychology to quantify the relative contribution of nature and nurture concerning specific psychological traits. Molecular genetics provides tools to identify specific genes and understand their pathways and interactions. However, progress has been slow for complex traits like intelligence. Identified genes have small effect sizes (Plomin & Spinath, 2004). Therefore, it makes more sense to say that the difference between two people’s behavior is mostly due to hereditary factors or mostly due to environmental factors. What’s more, this doesn’t only apply to the debate over I.Q. It is equally relevant to the psychology of sex and gender, where the question of how much of the (alleged) differences in male and female behavior is due to biology and how much to culture is just as controversial. Polygenic Inheritance
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance.
This means a person with a lower number of these genes (under 500) would have a lower risk of experiencing depression than someone with a higher number. The Nature of Nurture We now know that DNA differences are the major systematic source of psychological differences between us. Environmental effects are important but what we have learned in recent years is that they are mostly random – unsystematic and unstable – which means that we cannot do much about them.” Behavioral genetics has enabled psychology to quantify the relative contribution of nature and nurture with regard to specific psychological traits. One way to do this is to study relatives who share the same genes (nature) but a different environment (nurture). Adoption acts as a natural experiment which allows researchers to do this.If these advances are not to be abused, then there will need to be a more general understanding of the fact that biology interacts with both the cultural context and the personal choices that people make about how they want to live their lives. Instead of defending extreme nativist or nurturist views, most psychological researchers are now interested in investigating how nature and nurture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways.
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