Fish Tails

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Instead of creating forward thrust by moving their tail from side to side as many fishes do, the tails of whales, dolphins and manatees move up and down. This design enables the tail to provide lift for these animals when they break the surface to breathe. Having their blowholes — the body openings to the air passage system — high atop their head also facilitates the breathing process as minimal effort is required to gain access to oxygen-rich air once the animal has reached the water’s surface. The shape and position of the tail fin (caudal fin) can be used to identify the fish’s family and sometimes even the species. (Source: ThoughtCo) In this case, the vertebrae extend into the lobe of the tail, which is asymmetrical (one part larger or longer than the other). We can find two subtypes of heterocercal tail. The first subtype is the epicercal, when the upper lobe is longer than the lower one, as is the sharks’ tail (see the photo at the beginning of the article). The second subtype is the hypocercal, when the lower lobe is longer, for example, in the tail of flying fish. 2. Protocercal In 2004, Hugh Herr at MIT prototyped a biomechatronic robotic fish with a living actuator by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing the muscle fibers with electricity. [100] [101]

Shi Z, Zhang Y, Meek J, Qiao J, Han VZ (2008). "The neuronal organization of a unique cerebellar specialization: the valvula cerebelli of a mormyrid fish". J. Comp. Neurol. 509 (5): 449–73. doi: 10.1002/cne.21735. PMC 5884697. PMID 18537139. In terms of spermatogonia distribution, the structure of teleost testes have two types: in the most common, spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules, while in Atherinomorpha, they are confined to the distal portion of these structures. Fish can present cystic or semi-cystic spermatogenesis [ definition needed] in relation to the release phase of germ cells in cysts to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. [50] Ovaries [ edit ] Consult field guides or online resources to confirm the identification of a fish species. There are many resources available that provide detailed descriptions and images of fish species and their physical characteristics. It is important to use multiple sources to ensure accuracy in identification.

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Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp.345–349. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5. The first mammals appeared during the Permian period (between 298.9 and 252.17million years ago). Several groups of these mammals started returning to the sea, including the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the even-toed ungulates, and that they share a common ancestor with the hippopotamus. [81] [82] About 23million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to the sea. These were the seals. [83] What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved independently into new forms of swimming fins. The forelimbs became flippers, while the hindlimbs were either lost (cetaceans) or also modified into flipper (pinnipeds). In cetaceans, the tail gained two fins at the end, called a fluke. [84] Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend the same way as in other mammals. [85] [86] Similar adaptations for fully aquatic lifestyle are found both in dolphins and ichthyosaurs. Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of Actinopterygii, Dipnomorpha, Actinistia and Chondrichthyes fishes. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as seen in sharks. Apart from the tail or caudal fin, fish fins have no direct connection with the spine and are supported only by muscles. Their principal function is to help the fish swim. The word “caudal”, which is used to refer to fish tail fins, comes from Latin. It means “tail” and is located at the end of the body. Animals use it as a means of propulsion. Nishimura, Hitoshi; L’Hernault, Steven W. (25 September 2017). "Spermatogenesis". Current Biology. 27 (18): R988–R994. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.067. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28950090. S2CID 235311767.

Sinus venosus: A thin-walled sac or reservoir with some cardiac muscle that collects deoxygenated blood through the incoming hepatic and cardinal veins. [ verification needed] [42]Temple, Nicola (18 July 2011). "Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve". Cosmos. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. From sharks that move their tail fin sideways, to veiltails that have “webs” or “veils” allowing them to move freely in water, there are different types of fish tail fins: 1. Heterocercal Forked or V-shaped – Found in Bony fishes. The upper lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the lower, allowing for lateral control and fast swimming. A neuron is "identified" if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal—properties such as location, neurotransmitter, gene expression pattern, and connectivity—and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has one and only one neuron with the same set of properties. [65] In vertebrate nervous systems, very few neurons are "identified" in this sense (in humans, there are believed to be none). In simpler nervous systems, some or all neurons may be thus unique. [66]

The easiest way to identify fish species is to pay attention to the shape and placement of their fins and tails. Look for characteristics such as the origin of the dorsal fin, the origin of the anal fin, the upper lobe of the caudal fin, and the lower lobe of the caudal fin. 2. What is the origin of the dorsal fin and why is it important for identification? Stewart, Thomas A.; Smith, W. Leo; Coates, Michael I. (2014). "The origins of adipose fins: an analysis of homoplasy and the serial homology of vertebrate appendages". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1781): 20133120. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3120. PMC 3953844. PMID 24598422. Lingham-Soliar, T. (2005). "Dorsal fin in the white shark,Carcharodon carcharias: A dynamic stabilizer for fast swimming". Journal of Morphology. 263 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10207. PMID 15536651. S2CID 827610. a b Brahic, Catherine (28 March 2008). "Dolphins swim so fast it hurts". New Scientist . Retrieved 31 March 2008. Dorsal fin: This is the fin on the top of the fish, behind the head. Notice its origin (where it connects to the body) to identify the species. Trout’s dorsal fin origin is in the middle of the body.Prosser, C. Ladd (18 March 1991). "Introduction: Definition of Comparative Physiology: Theory of Adaptation". In Prosser, C. Ladd (ed.). Environmental and metabolic animal physiology. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp.1–2. ISBN 0-471-85767-X. OCLC 22906165. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021 . Retrieved 3 July 2021. Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022). "Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China". Nature. 609 (7929): 969–974. Bibcode: 2022Natur.609..969A. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171377. S2CID 252570103. Caudal fin– The tail of the fish can be forked, lunate, or rounded. Its length, shape, coarseness, upper and lower lobe all vary. integument - Skin derivatives and appendages | Britannica". www.britannica.com . Retrieved 20 April 2022.