The Evolution of Home: English Interiors for a New Era

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Sequencing mtDNA and Y-DNA sampled from a wide range of indigenous populations revealed ancestral information relating to both male and female genetic heritage, and strengthened the "out of Africa" theory and weakened the views of multiregional evolutionism. [247] Aligned in genetic tree differences were interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin. [248] Calloway, Ewan (May 13, 2015). "Early European may have had Neanderthal great-great-grandparent". Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature.2015.17534. S2CID 181973496. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019 . Retrieved January 23, 2019. Anatomically, the evolution of bipedalism has been accompanied by a large number of skeletal changes, not just to the legs and pelvis, but also to the vertebral column, feet and ankles, and skull. [126] The femur evolved into a slightly more angular position to move the center of gravity toward the geometric center of the body. The knee and ankle joints became increasingly robust to better support increased weight. To support the increased weight on each vertebra in the upright position, the human vertebral column became S-shaped and the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and wider. In the feet the big toe moved into alignment with the other toes to help in forward locomotion. The arms and forearms shortened relative to the legs making it easier to run. The foramen magnum migrated under the skull and more anterior. [127]

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Since Homo sapiens separated from its last common ancestor shared with chimpanzees, human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, behavioral, and environmental changes. [8] Environmental (cultural) evolution discovered much later during the Pleistocene played a significant role in human evolution observed via human transitions between subsistence systems. [115] [8] The most significant of these adaptations are bipedalism, increased brain size, lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), and decreased sexual dimorphism. The relationship between these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. [116] Other significant morphological changes included the evolution of a power and precision grip, a change first occurring in H.erectus. [117] Bipedalism [ edit ] Bipedalism shown by a man and a woman a b Zimmer, Carl (August 13, 2015). "For Evolving Brains, a 'Paleo' Diet Full of Carbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved August 14, 2015. Heng, Henry H.Q. (May 2009). "The genome-centric concept: resynthesis of evolutionary theory". BioEssays. 31 (5): 512–525. doi: 10.1002/bies.200800182. ISSN 0265-9247. PMID 19334004. S2CID 1336952. H. ergaster and H. erectus [ edit ] Reconstruction of Turkana boy who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago

a b Leonard, William R.; Snodgrass, J. Josh; Robertson, Marcia L. (August 2007). "Effects of brain evolution on human nutrition and metabolism". Annual Review of Nutrition. 27: 311–327. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093659. ISSN 0199-9885. PMID 17439362. S2CID 18869516. Species close to the last common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans may be represented by Nakalipithecus fossils found in Kenya and Ouranopithecus found in Greece. Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees (genus Pan) split off from the line leading to the humans. Human DNA is approximately 98.4% identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (see human evolutionary genetics). The fossil record, however, of gorillas and chimpanzees is limited; both poor preservation – rain forest soils tend to be acidic and dissolve bone – and sampling bias probably contribute to this problem.Nonetheless, humans retain a degree of sexual dimorphism in the distribution of body hair and subcutaneous fat, and in the overall size, males being around 15% larger than females. [173] These changes taken together have been interpreted as a result of an increased emphasis on pair bonding as a possible solution to the requirement for increased parental investment due to the prolonged infancy of offspring. [174] Ulnar opposition [ edit ] Only the human is able to touch the little finger with the thumb. Mellars, Paul; French, Jennifer C. (July 29, 2011). "Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal–to–Modern Human Transition Paul". Science. 333 (6042): 623–627. Bibcode: 2011Sci...333..623M. doi: 10.1126/science.1206930. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21798948. S2CID 28256970. Tavaré, Simon; Marshall, Charles R.; Will, Oliver; etal. (April 18, 2002). "Using the fossil record to estimate the age of the last common ancestor of extant primates". Nature. 416 (6882): 726–729. Bibcode: 2002Natur.416..726T. doi: 10.1038/416726a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11961552. S2CID 4368374.