The United Alphabet: A Complete Who's Who of Manchester United F.C.

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Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence, for example, in Sandhi. [93] Combinations وا and يا are always pronounced wā and yāʾ respectively. The exception is the suffix ـوا۟ in verb endings where ʾalif is silent, resulting in ū or aw. a b Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (July 2003). "Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 45 (3). doi: 10.1017/S0010417503000227. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145542213. The ampersand (&) has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, as in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011. [1] & was regarded as the 27th letter of the English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks. [2] Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters Et. In English and many other languages, it is used to represent the word and, plus occasionally the Latin word et, as in the abbreviation &c (et cetera).

It distinguishes (from the otherwise identical regular plural inflection -s) the English possessive morpheme 's (apostrophe alone after a regular plural affix, giving -s' as the standard mark for plural + possessive). Practice settled in the 18th century; before then, practices varied but typically all three endings were written -s (but without cumulation). This meant that only regular nouns bearing neither could be confidently identified, and plural and possessive could be potentially confused (e.g., "the Apostles words" ; "those things over there are my husbands" [6])—which undermines the logic of " marked" forms. alif + lām + lām + U+0651 ARABIC SHADDA + U+0670 ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF + hā’ اللّٰه ( DejaVu Sans and KacstOne don't show the added superscript Alef) Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a spelling reform to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system. For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based Turkish alphabet, [103] and when Kazakh changed from an Arabic script to a Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence, and in 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish. [104] [105] The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they all switched to the Latin alphabet, including Uzbekistan that is having a reform of the alphabet to use diacritics on the letters that are marked by apostrophes and the letters that are digraphs. [106] [107] To write qalaba without this ambiguity, we could indicate that the l is followed by a short a by writing a fatḥah above it.Sometimes used when transliterating foreign names and loanwords instead of fā’ ف‎. [11] Not to be confused with ڨ‎. Beyond the logographic Chinese writing, many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet. [36] [37] The Hungarian alphabet ( Hungarian: magyar ábécé) is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language. citation needed]2. A way of writing the letter ي yāʾ without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan. The Danish and Norwegian alphabets end with æ— ø— å, [68] [69] whereas the Swedish conventionally put å— ä— ö at the end. However, æ phonetically corresponds with ä, as does ø and ö. [70] Early alphabets

Lewand, Robert (2000). Cryptological Mathematics. Mathematical Association of America. p.36. ISBN 978-0883857199. and "English letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-07-08 . Retrieved 2008-06-25. If one of a number of the fonts (Noto Naskh Arabic, mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, Nadeem, DejaVu Sans, Harmattan, Scheherazade, Lateef, Iranian Sans, Baghdad, DecoType Naskh) is installed on a computer (Iranian Sans is supported by Wikimedia web-fonts), the word will appear without diacritics. Examples of present-day abjads are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts; [49] true alphabets include Latin, Cyrillic, and Korean Hangul; and abugidas, used to write Tigrinya, Amharic, Hindi, and Thai. The Canadian Aboriginal syllabics are also an abugida, rather than a syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination gets represented by a separate glyph. [50]not used in English; soft form of /d/. Mostly similar to during, as pronounced in Received Pronunciation) The use of ligature in Arabic is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for lām ل + alif ا, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures, of which there are many, [7] are optional.