GENUINE ALLIGATOR HEAD

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Delany, Michael F; Woodward, Allan R; Kiltie, Richard A; Moore, Clinton T (20 May 2011). "Mortality of American Alligators Attributed to Cannibalism". Herpetologica. 67 (2): 174–185. doi: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-10-00040.1. S2CID 85198798. Kay, Jarren C.; Elsey, Ruth M.; Secor, Stephen M. (2020-05-01). "Modest Regulation of Digestive Performance Is Maintained through Early Ontogeny for the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 93 (4): 320–338. doi: 10.1086/709443. ISSN 1522-2152. PMID 32492358. S2CID 219057993. a b Pan, T.; Miao, J.-S.; Zhang, H.-B.; Yan, P.; Lee, P.-S.; Jiang, X.-Y.; Ouyang, J.-H.; Deng, Y.-P.; Zhang, B.-W.; Wu, X.-B. (2020). "Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1075–1089. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa074.

The genus Alligator belongs to the subfamily Alligatorinae, which is the sister taxon to Caimaninae (the caimans). Together, these two subfamilies form the family Alligatoridae. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny of alligators. [8] [9] Alligatoridae Bondavalli, C., and R. E. Ulanowicz. 1998. Unexpected effects of predators upon their prey: The case of the American alligator. Ecosystems 2: 49–63.a b Brochu, C.A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 6: 9–100. doi: 10.2307/3889340. JSTOR 3889340. American Heritage Dictionaries (2007). Spanish Word Histories and Mysteries: English Words That Come From Spanish. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9780618910540. Can Animals Predict Disaster? – Listening to Infrasound | Nature". PBS. 2004-12-26 . Retrieved 2013-11-27. Alligators and caimans split in North America during the early Tertiary or late Cretaceous (about 53 million to about 65 million years ago). [4] [5] The Chinese alligator split from the American alligator about 33 million years ago [4] and probably descended from a lineage that crossed the Bering land bridge during the Neogene. The modern American alligator is well represented in the fossil record of the Pleistocene. [1] The alligator's full mitochondrial genome was sequenced in the 1990s. [6] The full genome, published in 2014, suggests that the alligator evolved much more slowly than mammals and birds. [7] Phylogeny

American alligators are found in the southeast United States: all of Florida and Louisiana; the southern parts of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; coastal South and North Carolina; East Texas, the southeast corner of Oklahoma, and the southern tip of Arkansas. Louisiana has the largest alligator population. [20] The majority of American alligators inhabit Florida and Louisiana, with over a million alligators in each state. Southern Florida is the only place where both alligators and crocodiles live side by side. [21] [22]Findsen, Anders; Crossley, Dane A.; Wang, Tobias (2018-01-01). "Feeding alters blood flow patterns in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 215: 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.001. ISSN 1095-6433. PMID 28958765. Functioning salt glands: Crocodilians have modified salivary glands called salt glands on their tongues, but while these organs still excrete salt in crocodiles and gharials, those in most alligators and caimans have lost this ability, or excrete it in only extremely small quantities. [60] The ability to excrete excess salt allows crocodiles to better tolerate life in saline water and migrating through it. [60] Because alligators and caimans have lost this ability, they are largely restricted to freshwater habitats, although larger alligators do sometimes live in tidal mangroves and in very rare cases in coastal areas. [60] Hastings, A. K.; Bloch, J. I.; Jaramillo, C. A.; Rincon, A. F.; MacFadden, B. J. (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 239. Bibcode: 2013JVPal..33..239H. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.713814. S2CID 83972694. Answers to Some Nagging Questions". The Washington Post. 2008-01-17. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2023-02-10.

American Alligator and our National Parks". eparks.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2016-05-01. Craighead, F. C., Sr. (1968). The role of the alligator in shaping plant communities and maintaining wildlife in the southern Everglades. The Florida Naturalist, 41, 2–7, 69–74. Janke, A.; Arnason, U. (1997). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Alligator mississippiensis and the separation between recent archosauria (birds and crocodiles)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (12): 1266–72. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025736. PMID 9402737. The name "alligator" is likely an anglicized form of el lagarto, the Spanish term for "the lizard", which early Spanish explorers and settlers in Florida called the alligator. [2] Early English spellings of the name included allagarta and alagarto. [3] Evolution

Wednesday, 25 April 2012 Anna SallehABC (2012-04-25). "Antacid armour key to tetrapod survival". www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2020-07-26. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) Alligators also have complex microbiomes that are not fully understood yet, but can be attributed to both benefits and costs to the animal. These microorganisms can be found in the high surface area of the mucosa folds of the intestines, as well as throughout the digestive tract. Benefits include better total health and stronger immune system. However alligators are still vulnerable to microbial infections despite the immune boost from other microbiota. [51] Gabrey, S. W. 2005. Impacts of the coypu removal program on the diet of American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis) in south Louisiana. Report to Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, New Orleans.

Alligator Leap. Zooguy2. 2007-09-20. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10 . Retrieved 2021-09-07– via YouTube. Most of the muscle in an alligator's jaw evolved to bite and grip prey. The muscles that close the jaws are powerful, but the muscles for opening their jaws are weak. As a result, an adult human can hold an alligator's jaws shut bare-handed. It is common to use several wraps of duct tape to prevent an adult alligator from opening its jaws when being handled or transported. [32]Alligator mississippiensis". alligatorfur.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05 . Retrieved 2016-05-01. a b "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved 2018-10-25. Morgan, G. S., Richard, F., & Crombie, R. I. (1993). The Cuban crocodile, Crocodylus rhombifer, from late quaternary fossil deposits on Grand Cayman. Caribbean Journal of Science, 29(3–4), 153–164. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-29 . Retrieved 2014-03-28. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link)