Sitting in Judgment: The Working Lives of Judges

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Alpers, G.W.; Gerdes, A. Here Is Looking at You: Emotional Faces Predominate in Binocular Rivalry. Emotion 2007, 7, 495–506. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Requires completion of the main quest Here Lies the Abyss, and the Wardens must still be present in Orlais.)

Ekman, P.; Friesen, W.V. Head and Body Cues in the Judgment of Emotion: A Reformulation. Percept. Mot. Ski. 1967, 24, 711–724. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Florianne will appear as a court jester NPC. She will occassionally appear next to the throne and will make witty remarks if you approach her. There are some Sit in Judgment trials that only pertain to the main quest in Dragon Age: Inquisition. To encounter more of these sentencing opportunities, make progress in the main quest. You’ll have chances to mete out justice to some of the story’s most antagonistic villains—give them what they deserve! Knight-Captain Denam As the current interest is on how postures can impact the decoding of behavioral cues, we focused on the recognition of brief facial expressions of emotions—microexpressions—proposed in the deception literature as a source of diagnostic information [ 35, 36]. Microexpressions are involuntary full-faced expressions occurring at less than 0.5 of a second, said to reflect the genuine emotional state of the sender [ 35, 37]. It is argued that liars and truth-tellers experience different emotions, which result in differences in the facial expressions each produces [ 35]. Thus, the assumption is that a perceptive judge can utilize these cues to accurately determine the veracity of a sender [ 35].

Author Contributions

Lakin, J.L.; Jefferis, V.E.; Cheng, C.M.; Chartrand, T.L. The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry. J. Nonverbal. Behav. 2003, 27, 145–162. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Captured as part of the main quest Here Lies the Abyss. Judged for his crimes of conscripting the Grey Wardens to serve Corypheus, and attempted assassination (of the Inquisitor). JASP Team. JASP (Version 0.14.1)[Computer Software]. 2020. Available online: https://jasp-stats.org/faq/how-do-i-cite-jasp/ (accessed on 9 June 2021).

Veenstra, L.; Schneider, I.K.; Koole, S.L. Embodied Mood Regulation: The Impact of Body Posture on Mood Recovery, Negative Thoughts, and Mood-Congruent Recall. Cogn. Emot. 2017, 31, 1361–1376. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] For the effect of posture on microexpression recognition, the METT scores (%) were to be analyzed using a one-way, between-subjects ANCOVA, with Posture (Open or Closed) as the between-subjects factor and trait Empathy as the covariate. The relationship between deception detection accuracy (overall, lies, and truth) and facial expression recognition are assessed using non-parametric (Spearman’s rho) correlations. At present, the inclusion of a microexpression task was considered for two reasons. First, out of all nonverbal channels, facial expressions receive preferential attention and mental processing relative to other nonverbal channels [ 43, 44]. If the posture manipulation has an effect on social acuity, a difference in facial expression recognition ability may be most evident. Second, while the evidence on the relationship between microexpression and deception detection is mixed (especially regarding human judges; [ 42]), people do hold strong beliefs that facial expressions are diagnostic of deceit [ 32, 35]. If judges in a specific posture show a difference in veracity judgments (beneficial or otherwise), an overreliance on facial cues may explain the effect. Thus, if postures can affect people’s ability to perceive and/or interpret behavioral cues, facial expressions are an ideal candidate for measuring performance differences. A MANOVA was considered for analyzing the eye gazing data, however, a preliminary inspection revealed that several dependent measures were either correlated too strongly ( rs > 0.9; multicollinearity) or not at all ( rs < 0.2), and several assumptions for this analysis were violated (i.e., homogeneity of covariance, Box’s M, ps < 0.001; multivariate normality, Royston’s Test, ps < 0.001). An inspection of the skewness and kurtosis, in addition to Q–Q plots and histograms, indicated that the assumption of normality of variance was violated for several AOIs. Therefore, the appropriate dependent variables were transformed to obtain a normal distribution of data and analyzed using between-subjects t-tests. Meissner, C.A.; Kassin, S.M. “He’s Guilty!”: Investigator Bias in Judgments of Truth and Deception. Law Hum. Behav. 2002, 26, 469–480. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Matsumoto, D.; Hwang, H.C.; Skinner, L.G.; Frank, M.G. Positive Effects in Detecting Lies from Training to Recognize Behavioral Anomalies. J. Police Crim. Psychol. 2014, 29, 28–35. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Goh, J.X.; Hall, J.A.; Rosenthal, R. Mini Meta-Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How: Mini Meta-Analysis. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 2016, 10, 535–549. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Levine, T.R.; Serota, K.B.; Shulman, H.; Clare, D.D.; Park, H.S.; Shaw, A.S.; Shim, J.C.; Lee, J.H. Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments. Hum. Commun. Res. 2011, 37, 377–403. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] I felt that it's somewhat detrimental to have a manager who holds hiring and firing power to be sitting there in judgement of people's rating decisions. Levine, T.R. MSU Trivia Game Interviews; Michigan State University: East Lansing, MI, USA, 2007. [ Google Scholar]