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Sizzix Thinlits Die Set 66360 Lacy Snowflake Card Wrap by Jordan Caderao, 4 Pack, Multi Colour, One Size

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Reich SM, Penner EK, Duncan GJ, & Auger A (2012). Using baby books to change new mothers’ attitudes about corporal punishment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 108–117. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.017 [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] Research shows that hitting children of kindergarten age harms their literacy skills through eighth grade. Larzelere RE, Gunnoe ML, Roberts MW, & Ferguson CJ (2017). Children and parents deserve better parental discipline research: Critiquing the evidence for exclusively “positive” parenting. Marriage & Family Review, 53, 24–35. 10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613 [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]

Fréchette S, Zoratti M, & Romano E (2015). What is the link between corporal punishment and child physical abuse? Journal of Family Violence, 30, 135–148. 10.1007/s10896-014-9663-9 [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] Ending the practice of spanking young children may require more individualized, belief-based dialogue with parents Duncan GJ, Magnuson KA, & Ludwig J (2004). The endogeneity problem in developmental studies. Research in Human Development, 1, 59–80. 10.1207/s15427617rhd0101&2_5 [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] A gradient in the association between two variables is observed when a one-unit change in the predictor leads to a regular change in the outcome variable that is observed along the full range of the predictor variable. Hill (1965) noted that a gradient does not prove causality, but it does strongly suggest researchers should look for a cause. In medicine, a gradient is often referred to as a dose–response relationship, and it can be linear (which is then also called a step function) or curvilinear. For example, a gradient could be illustrated by an increase in children’s externalizing scores by 2 points for every additional spank per month. Lansford JE, Wager LB, Bates JE, Pettit GS, & Dodge KA (2012). Forms of spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 61, 224–236. 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00700.x [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]Britto, P. R., & Ulkuer, N. (2012). Child development in developing countries: Child rights and policy implications. Child Development, 83, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01672.x Thus, instead of secluding and isolating the child from relationships through “time out”, the parent connects with the child and tries to create a warm, open communication relationship. Shifting parental practice on corporal punishment requires effective alternatives

Giles-Sims J, Straus MA, Sugarman DB. Child, maternal, and family characteristics associated with spanking. Family Relations. 1995; 44(2):170–176. doi: 10.2307/584804. [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] Holden, G. W., Williamson, P. A., & Holland, G. W. O. (2014b). Eavesdropping on the family: A pilot investigation of corporal punishment in the home. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036370American Academy of Pediatrics. (2014). AAP publications reaffirmed or retired. Pediatrics, 134, e1520. 10.1542/peds.2014-2679 [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] Cuartas, J., Weissman, D. G., Sheridan, M. A., Lengua, L., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021). Corporal punishment and elevated neural response to threat in children. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13565 Brieland, D., & Brieland, C. G. (1957). A parent education project in Pakistan. Marriage and Family Living, 19, 348–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/347801

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