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Wolfskill, Lyle A.; Dunlap, Wayne A.; Gallaway, Bob M. "Handbook For Building Homes of Earth" (PDF). Texas Transportation Institute bulletin. No.21 (1453ed.). College Station, Texas, USA: Texas Transportation Institute . Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Rammed-earth walls have the colour and texture of natural earth. Moisture-impermeable finishes, such as cement render, are not used by some people because they impair the ability of a wall to desorb moisture, [7] which quality is necessary to preserve its strength. [ citation needed] a b c d e Cassell, Robert O. (17 December 2001). "A Traditional Research Paper: Rammed Earth Construction". Ashland Community and Technical College. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2012. Constructed in 1821, the Borough House Plantation complex contains the oldest and largest collection of 'high style' pise de terre (rammed earth) buildings in the United States. Six of the 27 dependencies and portions of the main house were constructed using this ancient technique which was introduced to this country in 1806 through the book Rural Economy, by S. W. Johnson Craterre - This French institute provides training in earth construction techniques and in conjunction with UNESCO seeks to disseminate scientific and technical know-how on earthen architecture.
Rammed earth example projects
Rammed earth construction was both practically and ideologically important during the rapid construction of the Daqing oil field and the related development of Daqing. [17] :55 The "Daqing Spirit" represented deep personal commitment in pursuing national goals, self-sufficient and frugal living, and urban-rural integrated land use. [18] :3 Daqing's urban-rural landscape was said to embody the ideal communist society described by Karl Marx because it eliminated (1) the gap between town and country, (2) the gap between workers and peasants, and (3) the gap between manual and mental labor. [18] :3
During the Third Front campaign to develop strategic industries in China's rugged interior to prepare for potential invasion by the United States or Soviet Union, Planning Commission Director Li Fuchun project leaders to make do with what was available, including building rammed earth housing so that more resources could be directed to production. [19] :207 This policy came to be expressed through the slogan, "First build the factory and afterward housing." [19] :207 Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Centre in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, completed in 2006 "Pisé" houses of rammed earth in Tabant, Morocco; the technique is called " tabut" there. Rammed-earth walls form part of the entrance edifice of the Eden Project in Cornwall, England, UK See also [ edit ] a b Hou, Li (2021). Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State. Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1. Xujie, Liu; etal. (2002). Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (ed.). Chinese Architecture. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale University Press and Beijing, China: New World Press. pp. 12–14, 21–2. ISBN 978-0-300-09559-3. OCLC 186413872. The French term "pisé de terre" or "terre pisé" was sometimes used in English for architectural uses, especially in the 19th century. a b Meyskens, Covell F. (2022). "China's Cold War Motor City". In Altehenger, Jennifer; Ho, Denise Y. (eds.). Material Contradictions in Mao's China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-75085-9.Rammed Earth Construction". Earth Structures. Victoria, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Characteristics [ edit ] Detail of the surface of an eroded rammed-earth wall: apart from the patches of damage, the surface shows regular horizontal lines caused by the wooden formwork and subtler horizontal strata from successive courses. Surface of a newly built rammed earth wall just after the removal of formwork Environmental effects and sustainability [ edit ] Rammed-earth trombe wall constructed by Design Build Bluff Adding cement to soil mixtures low in clay can also increase the load-bearing capacity of rammed-earth edifices. [ citation needed] The United States Department of Agriculture observed in 1925 that rammed-earth structures endure indefinitely and can be constructed for less than two-thirds of the cost of standard frame houses. [4]Rammed earth is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. [1] It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method. Making rammed earth involves compacting a damp mixture of subsoil that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel, clay, silt and stabilizer, if any, into a formwork (an externally supported frame or mold).
Edifices of the Borough House Plantation, Stateburg, South Carolina, erected in the 1820s. Holy Cross Episcopal Church in Stateburg, South Carolina, erected between 1850 and 1852 Interest in rammed earth declined after World War II when the cost of modern construction materials decreased. [ citation needed] Rammed earth is considered substandard, and is opposed by many contractors, engineers, and tradesmen. [6] The prevailing perception that such materials and techniques perform poorly in regions prone to earthquakes has prevented their use in much of the world. [ citation needed] In Chile, for example, rammed earth edifices normally cannot be conventionally insured against damage or even be approved by the government. [ citation needed] Earth Rammer Manufacturer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Dealer in Chennai, Earth Rammer Shop in Chennai, Earth Rammer Supplier in Chennai, Earth Rammer Price in Chennai
A feature often exploited with rammed earth structures is thermal mass. The thermal mass slows the movement of heat through the walls, then releases the heat when the surrounding temperature drops (at night). Thermal mass structures can even out temperature variations, creating a comfortable internal environment. The US Agency for International Development is working with developing countries to improve the engineering of rammed-earth houses. [ citation needed] It also financed the authorship of the Handbook of Rammed Earth by Texas A&M University and the Texas Transportation Institute. [6] [15] The compressive strength of rammed earth is dictated by factors such as soil type, particle size distribution, amount of compaction, moisture content of the mix and type/amount of stabiliser used. Well-produced cement-stabilised rammed earth walls can be anywhere between 5 and 20 MPa. Higher compressive strength might require more cement. But addition of more cement can affect the permeability of the walls. Indeed, properly constructed rammed earth endures for thousands of years, as many ancient structures that are still standing around the world demonstrate. Rammed earth walls are reinforced with rebars in areas of high seismic activity. An outstanding example of a rammed-earth edifice in Canada is St. Thomas Anglican Church in Shanty Bay, Ontario, erected between 1838 and 1841.
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