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Whitehead, R. Sample survey and collection of coconut germ plasm in the Pacific Islands. In Sample Survey and Collection of Coconut Germ Plasm in the Pacific Islands; Ministry of Overseas Development: London, UK, 1964; p. 78. [ Google Scholar] A system of bamboo bridges and ladders directly connecting the tree canopies are also utilized in the Philippines for coconut plantations that harvest coconut sap (not fruits) for coconut vinegar and palm wine production. [93] [87] In other areas, like in Papua New Guinea, coconuts are simply collected when they fall to the ground. [80]
The stiff midribs of coconut leaves are used for making brooms in India, Indonesia ( sapu lidi), Malaysia, the Maldives, and the Philippines ( walis tingting). The green of the leaves (lamina) is stripped away, leaving the veins (long, thin, woodlike strips) which are tied together to form a broom or brush. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom. Viana, F.A.P.; Costa, A.P.; Moro, F.V.; Pivetta, K.F.L. Morpho-anatomical characterization of diaspores and seedlings of Livistona rotundifolia. Ornam. Hortic. 2016, 22, 249–255. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Both Malauhog and Malakanin meats of immature coconuts can be eaten as is or used in salads, drinks, desserts, and pastries such as buko pie and es kelapa muda. Because of their soft textures, they are unsuitable for grating. Mature Malakatad coconut meat has a tough texture and thus is processed before consumption or made into copra. Freshly shredded mature coconut meat, known as "grated coconut", "shredded coconut", or "coconut flakes", is used in the extraction of coconut milk. They are also used as a garnish for various dishes, as in klepon and puto bumbong. They can also be cooked in sugar and eaten as a dessert in the Philippines known as bukayo. [118] [124] [125] [126] [127] Menon, K.P.V.; Pandalai, K.M. The Coconut Palm, a Monograph; Indian Coconut Committee: Ernakulum, India, 1960. [ Google Scholar] Adkins, S.W.; Simpson, G.M.; Naylor, J.M. The physiological basis of seed dormancy in Avena fatua III. Action of nitrogenous compounds. Physiol. Plant. 1984, 60, 227–233. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
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Because it’s grain-free, the flour is also good for those on the paleo diet, which does not allow grain products like regular wheat flour. Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 metres (100 feet) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6m (13–20ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 centimetres (2–3ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. [6] On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30. [7] [8] [9] Given proper care and growing conditions, coconut palms produce their first fruit in six to ten years, taking 15 to 20 years to reach peak production. [10]
The specific name nucifera is derived from the Latin words nux (nut) and fera (bearing), for 'nut-bearing'. [44] Distribution and habitat Fenner, M.; Thompson, K. The Ecology of Seeds; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2005. [ Google Scholar] The coconut played a critical role in the migrations of the Austronesian peoples. They provided a portable source of both food and water, allowing Austronesians to survive long sea voyages to colonize new islands as well as establish long-range trade routes. Based on linguistic evidence, the absence of words for coconut in the Taiwanese Austronesian languages makes it likely that the Austronesian coconut culture developed only after Austronesians started colonizing the Philippines. The importance of the coconut in Austronesian cultures is evidenced by shared terminology of even very specific parts and uses of coconuts, which were carried outwards from the Philippines during the Austronesian migrations. [49] [5] Indo-Atlantic type coconuts were also later spread by Arab and South Asian traders along the Indian Ocean basin, resulting in limited admixture with Pacific coconuts introduced earlier to Madagascar and the Comoros via the ancient Austronesian maritime trade network. [49] Carl Linnaeus first wanted to name the coconut genus Coccus from latinizing the Portuguese word coco, because he saw works by other botanists in middle of the 17th century use the name as well. He consulted the catalogue Herbarium Amboinense by Georg Eberhard Rumphius where Rumphius said that coccus was a homonym of coccum and coccus from Greek κόκκος kokkos meaning "grain" [41] or "berry", but Romans identified coccus with " kermes insects"; Rumphius preferred the word cocus as a replacement. However, the word cocus could also mean "cook" like coquus in Latin, [42] so Linnaeus chose Cocos directly from the Portuguese word coco instead. [43]It takes around 6,000 full-grown coconuts to produce one tonne of copra. [154] Husks and shells Coconut buttons in Dongjiao Town, Hainan, China Fish curry being served in coconut shell in Thailand Extracting coir, the fiber from the coconut husk, in Sri Lanka Lee, R. Cadang-cadang disease of palm and other diseases. In Phytopathology; American Phytopathology Society: St Paul, MN, USA, 2013; p. 177. [ Google Scholar] Coconut milk and coconut oil have cholesterol-raising saturated fats like those found in beef tallow. In fact, the saturated plant fats in tropical oils, including palm and coconut oils, not only join animal fats in increasing heart disease risk, but may also play a role in the obesity epidemic, despite claims made by the diet industry hawking coconut oil as a weight-loss magic bullet. However, coconut flour is best used in recipes that have been tested, as it won’t rise like wheat flour and absorbs more liquid than other types of flour.
The name coconut is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese word coco, meaning 'head' or 'skull' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. [34] [35] [36] [37] Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by Portuguese and Spanish explorers with Pacific Islanders, with the coconut shell reminding them of a ghost or witch in Portuguese folklore called coco (also côca). [37] [38] In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it جوز هندي jawz hindī, translating to 'Indian nut'. [39] Thenga, its Tamil/ Malayalam name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. [40] Coconuts, botanically speaking, are fibrous, one-seeded drupes, but commonly thought of as a fruit, a nut, and a seed. As a whole plant food, coconuts appear to be harmless and, as a green-light source of fat, can even increase the nutrient absorption of nutrients when eaten together with greens, for example. We tend to consume coconut milk, coconut oil, and coconut water more often than the flakes or “meat,” though. Are those healthful choices?While studies show that saturated fat consumption is not directly associated with a higher risk of heart disease, some health organizations, including the American Heart Association, recommend limiting your intake to less than 5–6% of total daily calories ( 30, 31). Salum, U.; Foale, M.; Biddle, J.; Bazrafshan, A.; Adkins, S. Towards the sustainability of the “tree of life”: An introduction. In Coconut Biotechnology: Towards the Sustainability of the ‘Tree of Life’; Adkins, S., Foale, M., Bourdeix, R., Nguyen, Q., Biddle, J., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-3-030-44988-9. [ Google Scholar] To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and Guam traditionally use bolos tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. This basically turns the trunk of the tree into a ladder, though it reduces the value of coconut timber recovered from the trees and can be an entry point for infection. [84] [80] [85] Other manual methods to make climbing easier include using a system of pulleys and ropes; using pieces of vine, rope, or cloth tied to both hands or feet; using spikes attached to the feet or legs; or attaching coconut husks to the trunk with ropes. [86] Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders. [87] Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. [88] [89] [90] [86] In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 [update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites.
Bourdeix, R.; Konan, J.-L.; N’Cho, Y.P. Coconut. A Guide to Traditional and Improved Varieties; Diversiflora: Montpellier, France, 2005. [ Google Scholar]Your body metabolizes MCTs differently than other types of fats, absorbing them directly from your small intestine and rapidly using them for energy ( 13, 14, 15).
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