Giraffe with a Short Neck

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Volodina, Elena V.; Volodin, Ilya A.; Chelysheva, Elena V.; Frey, Roland (2018). "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context". BMC Research Notes. 11 (12): 12. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-3103-x. PMC 5761111. PMID 29316966. Peterson, D. (2013). Giraffe Reflections. University of California Press. p.30. ISBN 978-0520266858. Individual captive giraffes were given celebrity status throughout history. In 1414, a giraffe from Malindi was taken to China by explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo. The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people, who associated it with the mythical Qilin. [124] :56 The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de' Medici in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence. [129] Zarafa, another famous giraffe, was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift for CharlesX of France. A sensation, the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or "giraffanalia". [124] :81

a b c d e VanderWaal, K. L.; Wang, H.; McCowan, B.; Fushing, H.; Isbell, L. A. (2014). "Multilevel social organization and space use in reticulated giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis)". Behavioral Ecology. 25 (1): 17–26. doi: 10.1093/beheco/art061. How these two giraffes ended up with dwarfism is still hazy. Random mutations in the genetic code can cause dwarfism, but it can also be linked to low genetic diversity or inbreeding, reports the Times. a b Wube, T.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A. (2018). " Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420707A88420710.en. Rafferty, John. P (2011). Grazers (Britannica Guide to Predators and Prey). Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-61530-336-6.

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Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Farine, D. R.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (10 February 2021). "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): 20202770. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2770. PMC 7893237. PMID 33563118. Many people think that giraffes have no voice, but they do make a variety of sounds, including moos, roars, snorts, hisses, and grunts. They just very rarely do so. One sound giraffes make when they’re alarmed is a snort. Threats—such as lions nearby—may warrant a snort. Giraffes are often the early warning signal for other savanna wildlife: if a giraffe herd starts to run, everyone else does, too! Studies suggest giraffes vocalize below the level of human hearing and perhaps use this sound for long-distance communication.

Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (1993). "How giraffe adapt to their extraordinary shape". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 48 (2): 207–18. doi: 10.1080/00359199309520271.Janis, Christine M. (1 January 1993). "Tertiary Mammal Evolution in the Context of Changing Climates, Vegetation, and Tectonic Events". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 24: 467–500. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.24.1.467. JSTOR 2097187. a b Holmes, Bob (19 May 2021). "Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes". Knowable Magazine. doi: 10.1146/knowable-051821-2. S2CID 236354545. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022 . Retrieved 1 August 2022.

Ramstein, Gilles; Fluteau, Frédéric; Besse, Jean; Joussaume, Sylvie (24 April 1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode: 1997Natur.386..788R. doi: 10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003. The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length, compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are identical. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya. A small group of regulatory genes in the giraffe appear to be responsible for the animal's height and associated circulatory adaptations. [16] [17] Species and subspecies Map showing "Approximate geographic ranges, fur patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities. The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes. Asterisks along branches correspond to node values of more than 90% bootstrap support. Stars at branch tips identify paraphyletic haplotypes found in Maasai and reticulated giraffes". [18]

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Harrison, D. F. N. (1995). The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Larynx. Cambridge University Press. p.165. ISBN 978-0-521-45321-9. a b Bond, Monica L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, Arpat; König, Barbara (27 August 2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode: 2019Oecol.191..335B. doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 August 2023. The name "giraffe" has its earliest known origins in the Arabic word zarāfah ( زرافة), [2] ultimately from Persian زُرنَاپَا‎ ( zurnāpā), a compound of زُرنَا‎ ( zurnā, “flute, zurna”) and پَا‎ ( pā, “leg”). [3] [4] In early Modern English the spellings jarraf and ziraph were used, probably directly from the Arabic, [5] and in Middle English jarraf and ziraph, gerfauntz. The Italian form giraffa arose in the 1590s. The modern English form developed around 1600 from the French girafe. [2]