Orbiting Jupiter

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BBC News | SCI/TECH | Crash plan for Galileo spaceprobe". 212.58.226.17:8080. March 3, 2000. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009 . Retrieved May 20, 2009.

A major problem in sending space probes to Jupiter is that the planet has no solid surface on which to land, as there is a smooth transition between the planet's atmosphere and its fluid interior. Any probes descending into the atmosphere are eventually crushed by the immense pressures within Jupiter. [13] Talevi, Monica; Brown, Dwayne (February 18, 2009). "NASA and ESA Prioritize Outer Planet Missions". Archived from the original on August 25, 2011 . Retrieved February 18, 2009. First Close-up Image of Jupiter from Voyager 1 (NASA Voyager Jupiter Encounter Images)". Ciclops.org. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012 . Retrieved May 20, 2009. E. C. Stone; A. L. Lane (October 5, 1979). "Voyager 2 Encounter with the Jovian System". Science. 206 (4421): 925–927. Bibcode: 1979Sci...206..925S. doi: 10.1126/science.206.4421.925. PMID 17733909. S2CID 46470902. a b c K. Chan; E. S. Paredes; M. S. Ryne (2004). "Ulysses Attitude and Orbit Operations: 13+ Years of International Cooperation" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2005 . Retrieved November 28, 2006.a b O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "U.S. and Chinese Scientists Propose Bold New Missions beyond the Solar System". Scientific American . Retrieved April 17, 2023. India's ISRO announced plans to launch an Indian mission to Jupiter in the 2020s. [74] Canceled missions [ edit ] Executive Survey (Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science 2013 – 2022)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2013 . Retrieved December 15, 2013. Daniel Fischer (1999). Mission Jupiter: the spectacular journey of the Galileo spacecraft. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 978-0-387-98764-4.

How does this all come together? Artist impression of 25 ‘hot Jupiters’ – gas giant exoplanets that look physically similar to Jupiter but orbit closer to their host stars a b McConnell, Shannon (April 14, 2003). "Galileo: Journey to Jupiter". NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 5, 1997 . Retrieved November 28, 2006. Connerney, John; etal. (June 2018). "Prevalent lightning sferics at 600 megahertz near Jupiter's poles". Nature. 558 (7708): 87–90. Bibcode: 2018Natur.558...87B. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0156-5. PMID 29875484. S2CID 46952214.Destination: Europa". Europa SETI. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014 . Retrieved December 14, 2013. Galileo Mission to Jupiter" (PDF). NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 10, 2012 . Retrieved November 1, 2008. Martin, Terry Z. (September 1996). "Shoemaker–Levy 9: Temperature, Diameter and Energy of Fireballs". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28: 1085. Bibcode: 1996DPS....28.0814M.

Pat Troutman; Kristen Bethke (February 3, 2003). Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE) (PDF). SPACE TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL "Expanding the Frontiers of Space" FORUM (STAIF - 2003) February 2–6, 2003 Albuquerque, New Mexico. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2012 . Retrieved July 2, 2009. magnetic data evidence suggesting that Europa, Ganymede and Callisto have a liquid-saltwater layer under the visible surface; Avanish Sharma (January 13, 2019). "Earlier Missions Exploring Jupiter". Technology on Science. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019 . Retrieved November 30, 2019. In July 2016, the Juno spacecraft, launched in 2011, completed its orbital insertion maneuver successfully, and is now in orbit around Jupiter with its science programme ongoing. Humans on Europa: A Plan for Colonies on the Icy Moon". Space.com. June 6, 2001. Archived from the original on July 20, 2010 . Retrieved May 10, 2006.Vision for Space Exploration" (PDF). NASA. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2016 . Retrieved July 2, 2009. The New Horizons probe, en route to Pluto, flew by Jupiter for a gravity assist and was the first probe launched directly towards Jupiter since the Ulysses in 1990. Its Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) took its first photographs of Jupiter on September 4, 2006. [38] The spacecraft began further study of the Jovian system in December 2006, and made its closest approach on February 28, 2007. [39] [40] [41] Robert Zubrin, Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization, section: Colonizing the Jovian System, pp. 166–170, Tarcher/Putnam, 1999, ISBN 1-58542-036-0.

The Europa Orbiter Mission Design". Archived from the original on February 23, 2012 . Retrieved May 20, 2009. NASA Spacecraft Gets Boost From Jupiter for Pluto Encounter". The America's Intelligence Wire. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009 . Retrieved March 23, 2014.The Galileo spacecraft was the first to have entered orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying the planet until 2003. During this period Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the four large Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath their surfaces. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede. As it approached Jupiter, it also witnessed the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9. In December 1995, it sent an atmospheric probe into the Jovian atmosphere, so far the only craft to do so. Tim Brice. "Outer Planet Flagship Mission: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) Concept". Opfm.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012 . Retrieved May 24, 2009. The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter and its moons. In February 2009 it was announced that both space agencies had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. [79] [80] The proposal included a launch date of around 2020 and consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, and the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter. [81] [82] [83] ESA's contribution had encountered funding competition from other ESA projects. [84] However, the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO), NASA's contribution, was considered by the Planetary Decadal Survey to be too expensive. The survey supported a cheaper alternative to JEO. [85] In the end, the whole EJSM mission, with all the proposed spacecraft from NASA and ESA (and JAXA), was cancelled (along with various related Roscosmos proposals). However, the ESA JUICE spacecraft and the NASA Europa Clipper spacecraft, which grew out of the cancelled EJSM, were built later. Foust, Jeff (February 10, 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews . Retrieved February 10, 2021.