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VOCAs use electronically-stored speech as the method of communication. Sentences or longer messages can be pieced together from individual words and phrases, with the stored vocabulary possibly running into thousands of words. Player B is a young person playing Word A Round (a game for ages 10 and up) and they’re trying to be the first to unravel the following scrambled letters around the game card ─ LANIMA (6-letter word), ULHELPF (7-letter word) and RELSQUIR (8-letter word). Limonene, a common biogenic VOC, is emitted into the atmosphere primarily by trees which grow in coniferous forests. Belo, Joana; Carreiro-Martins, Pedro; Papoila, Ana L.; Palmeiro, Teresa; Caires, Iolanda; Alves, Marta; Nogueira, Susana; Aguiar, Fátima; Mendes, Ana; Cano, Manuela; Botelho, Maria A. (2019-10-15). "The impact of indoor air quality on respiratory health of older people living in nursing homes: spirometric and exhaled breath condensate assessments". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 54 (12): 1153–1158. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1637206. ISSN 1093-4529. PMID 31274053. S2CID 195807320. Let’s take a deep dive into the world of the VOC. For over 200 years, the VOC brought the Netherlands international power and wealth while exploiting local populations, creating colonies, and trading in human beings.
A voice originates from outside the scene location through a phone or walkie-talkie or radio or some other device.
What is VUCA and what does it mean for you and your international organisation?
Other healthcare environments such as nursing and age care homes have been rarely a subject of study, even though the elderly and vulnerable populations may spend considerable time in these indoor settings where they might be exposed to VOCs, derived from the common use of cleaning agents, sprays and fresheners. [69] [70] In a study conducted in France, a team of researchers developed an online questionnaire for different social and age care facilities, asking about cleaning practices, products used, and the frequency of these activities. As a result, more than 200 chemicals were identified, of which 41 are known to have adverse health effects, 37 of them being VOCs. The health effects include skin sensitization, reproductive and organ-specific toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and endocrine-disrupting properties. [69] Furthermore, in another study carried out in the same European country, it was found that there is a significant association between breathlessness in the elderly population and elevated exposure to VOCs such as toluene and o-xylene, unlike the remainder of the population. [71] Analytical methods [ edit ] Sampling [ edit ]
Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the Malabar Coast (hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the Zamorin of Calicut to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the Malabar pepper and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence. [48] Eustachius De Lannoy of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja Marthanda Varma of the Indian Kingdom of Travancore after the Battle of Colachel. (Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace) Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in Persia, Bengal, Malacca, Siam, Formosa (now Taiwan), as well as the Malabar and Coromandel coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a factory was established in Canton. [38] In 1662, however, Koxinga expelled the Dutch from Taiwan [39] ( see History of Taiwan). Compressed aerosol products, mainly butane and propane, estimated to contribute 1.3 billion tonnes of VOC emissions per year globally. [32] Following a public hearing in September 1995, California's ARB uses the term "reactive organic gases" (ROG) to measure organic gases. The CARB revised the definition of "Volatile Organic Compounds" used in their consumer products regulations, based on the committee's findings. [16]Before the Dutch Revolt, which started in 1566/68, the Flemish city of Antwerp had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe. After 1591, the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German Fugger family and Welser family, as well as Spanish and Italian firms, which operated out of Hamburg as the northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade. At the same time, the Portuguese trade system was unable to increase supply to satisfy growing demand, in particular the demand for pepper. Demand for spices was relatively inelastic; therefore, each lag in the supply of pepper caused a sharp rise in pepper prices.
a b LeBouf, Ryan F; Virji, M Abbas; Saito, Rena; Henneberger, Paul K; Simcox, Nancy; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B (September 2014). "Exposure to volatile organic compounds in healthcare settings". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 71 (9): 642–650. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102080. ISSN 1351-0711. PMC 4591534. PMID 25011549. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs. [76] PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs. [77] PTR-MS instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min. measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently. [78] Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis [ edit ] A character in the scene recalls a speech he heard earlier in the screenplay, such as his mother reminding him to wear a coat. The speech is the mother's, but she is not there at the scene location. Thus, her speech originates from another location, and so it's marked V.O. New buildings experience particularly high levels of VOC off-gassing indoors because of the abundant new materials (building materials, fittings, surface coverings and treatments such as glues, paints and sealants) exposed to the indoor air, emitting multiple VOC gases. [34] This off-gassing has a multi-exponential decay trend that is discernible over at least two years, with the most volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few days, and the least volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few years. [35]Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; and damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. [51] Some organics can cause cancer in animals; some are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness. [52] Having been set up in 1602 to profit from the Malukan spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of Jayakarta in 1609 and changed its name to Batavia (now Jakarta). Over the next two centuries the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory. [11] It remained an important trading concern and paid an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years. Much of the labour that built its colonies was from people it had enslaved. Terra, W. C.; Campos, V. P.; Martins, S. J. (2018). "Volatile organic molecules from Fusarium oxysporum strain 21 with nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita". Crop Protection. 106: 125–131. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.022. ECOS: For more than 30 years, ECOS Paint has been producing paint for people with sensitivities. Their paint is water-based, zero-VOC, low-odor, manufactured in the United States, and includes a complete ingredient list and VOC test data. Goldstein, Allen H.; Galbally, Ian E. (2007). "Known and Unexplored Organic Constituents in the Earth's Atmosphere". Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (5): 1514–21. Bibcode: 2007EnST...41.1514G. doi: 10.1021/es072476p. PMID 17396635.
Phillips, M; Greenberg, J; Awad, J (1994-11-01). "Metabolic and environmental origins of volatile organic compounds in breath". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 47 (11): 1052–1053. doi: 10.1136/jcp.47.11.1052. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 503075. PMID 7829686. Uncertainty stemmed from navigating the practicalities of the approaching Easter Term and new academic year, the constantly changing travel restrictions for overseas staff and students, and the management of outbreaks on campus. Rolando said: “The push for inclusive education came from young people themselves. They were being denied their rights and we wanted to support them… We had no money but we made use of everything we could.”
KEY-VOCS: Metrology for VOC indicators in air pollution and climate change, a European Metrology Research Project. Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest," Nature, J. Lelieveld, April 10, 2008. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06870 a b Reddy, Manasa; Heidarinejad, Mohammad; Stephens, Brent; Rubinstein, Israel (April 2021). "Adequate indoor air quality in nursing homes: An unmet medical need". Science of the Total Environment. 765: 144273. Bibcode: 2021ScTEn.765n4273R. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144273. PMID 33401060. S2CID 230782257. One of the most well-known harmful VOCs is benzene, a known carcinogen, that is emitted by cigarette smoke, fuels, paints and cars. Sometimes VOCs, such as benzene, emit odors, but smell is not always a good indicator of the chemical's potential health risk, according to the Minnesota Department of Health. Cao, Fengmei; Qin, Pan; Lu, Shaoyong; He, Qi; Wu, Fengchang; Sun, Hongwen; Wang, Lei; Li, Linlin (December 2018). "Measurement of volatile organic compounds and associated risk assessments through ingestion and dermal routes in Dongjiang Lake, China". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 165: 645–653. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.108. PMID 30243211. S2CID 52821729.
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