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These associations [gluttony and sloth] are seen as being very time-bound and rooted in specific cultural and/or religious views of the body’. The authors are documenting historical views and comparing and contrasting them to modern attitudes. Ed Yong (21 January 2014). "Can Moths Explain Why Sloths Poo on the Ground?". Phenomena. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2014. a b Voirin, B., Kays, R., Wikelski, M., & Lowman, M. (2013). Why Do Sloths Poop on the Ground? In M. Lowman, S. Devy, & T. Ganesh (eds). Treetops at Risk(pp. 195-199). Springer, New York, NY. Soares, C. A.; Carneiro, R. S. (1 May 2002). "Social behavior between mothers × young of sloths Bradypus variegatus SCHINZ, 1825 (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae)". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 62 (2): 249–252. doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842002000200008. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 12489397. Different types of leaves build up various defence systems to protect them against folivores, such as tough cell walls and chemicals that build up over time and become toxic. To combat these problems, sloths generally feed on new leaves at the end of branches because they’re still soft and not yet toxic. Eating a variety of leaves also prevents them from ingesting too much of one type of toxin.

a b Delsuc, Frédéric; Catzeflis, François M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (7 August 2001). "The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil Eurotamandua". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1476): 1605–1615. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1702. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1088784. PMID 11487408.a b Bennington-Castro, Joseph (23 January 2014). "The Strange Symbiosis Between Sloths and Moths". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. Human development is the main threat to all sloth species—their rainforests are being cut down. Poaching is also a threat because there’s a demand for sloths in the illegal pet trade. Where do sloths live?

Sloths have colour vision, but have poor visual acuity. They also have poor hearing. Thus, they rely on their sense of smell and touch to find food. [24] Moraes-Barros, M.C.; etal. (2011). "Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomic inconsistencies in the study of Bradypus sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (1): 86–100. doi: 10.1644/10-MAMM-A-086.1. a b c Alina Bradford (26 November 2018). "Sloths: The World's Slowest Mammals". Live Science. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 . Retrieved 22 November 2020. a b c d "Sloth". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. Both types of extant tree sloth tend to occupy the same forests; in most areas, a particular species of the somewhat smaller and generally slower-moving three-toed sloth ( Bradypus) and a single species of the two-toed type will jointly predominate. Based on morphological comparisons, it was thought the two-toed sloths nested phylogenetically within one of the divisions of the extinct Greater Antilles sloths. [16] Though data has been collected on over 33 different species of sloths by analyzing bone structures, many of the relationships between clades on a phylogenetic tree were unclear. [17] Much of the morphological evidence collected to support the hypothesis of diphyly has been based on the structure of the inner ear. [18]

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Svartman, Marta; Stone, Gary; Stanyon, Roscoe (21 July 2006). "The Ancestral Eutherian Karyotype Is Present in Xenarthra". PLOS Genetics. 2 (7): e109. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020109. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 1513266. PMID 16848642. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link) What is clear is that any single explanation maybe possible for any given individual, but it is the social implications of ‘obesity’ that have now turned it into today’s ‘epidemic’ of obesity. The cultural implications of these claims are vitiated by specific, contemporary attitudes towards the body and its meanings within the system in which it is found. As a culturally bound concept ‘epidemic’ today has the power that ‘gluttony’ had in the Middle Ages. Both gain their power from the system of meaning that shapes attitudes towards socially acceptable and non-acceptable categories. We must remember that this anxiety about epidemics is a recent if resurgent phenomenon (it mirrors the rhetoric of the 19th century). As late as 1969 the then Surgeon General of the United States, William T. Stewart, suggested to Congress that it was now ‘time to close the book on infectious disease as a major health threat’. Three decades later, in 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland, the then Director-General of the World Health Organization, gave a very different prophecy: ‘We stand on the brink of a global crisis in infectious diseases. No country is safe from them’. We moved from a sense of accomplishment to one of foreboding. The new epidemic is that of ‘fat’ – though in 2009 ‘swine flu’ has come to challenge for the moment its centrality in the public sphere. The Haslams believe that their physiology of fat reflects transhistorical (evolutionary or physiological) truths, not cultural meanings grafted onto the social implications of body size. A shift in ‘quality of life’ and life expectancy. We live longer now, have less physically stressful occupations, and have easier access to more food. ‘The epidemic of obesity can be understood as a logical consequence of the fact that it has become progressively easier to consume more calories while expending fewer’ This statement is comprehensively covered from the introduction onwards. To die 10 years prematurely, a person must achieve ~65 years, and as the obesity epidemic is in its relative infancy, most obese individuals have not gained sufficient age to die ten years prematurely. When they do, we will see life expectancy reduce. Southern two-toed sloth". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 July 2019 . Retrieved 30 October 2019. Pauli, Jonathan N.; Peery, M. Zachariah (19 December 2012). "Unexpected Strong Polygyny in the Brown-Throated Three-Toed Sloth". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e51389. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...751389P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051389. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3526605. PMID 23284687.

The 'Busy' Life of the Sloth | BBC Earth". YouTube. 18 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021 . Retrieved 11 February 2022. Pauli, Jonathan N.; Mendoza, Jorge E.; Steffan, Shawn A.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Weimer, Paul J.; Peery, M. Zachariah (7 March 2014). "A syndrome of mutualism reinforces the lifestyle of a sloth". Proceedings of the Royal Society. The Royal Society Publishing. 281 (1778). Montgomery, Sy. "Community Ecology of the Sloth". Cecropia: Supplemental Information. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2009. David Haslam is a practising GP who sees around 10,000 patients per year in primary care, as well as many of the biggest people in society in his twice weekly Luton and Dunstable Hospital Bariatric Surgery Clinic. He has recently been awarded an Honorary Chair at Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen in recognition of his international work in producing guidelines and providing education to combat obesity. He is chair of two national charities with the same aim, and has written several text books and over a hundred scholarly articles on the subject. Fiona Haslam’s career was spent in clinical medicine until her retirement when she obtained a degree in art history and a PhD for her work on medicine in art, and has written extensively on the subject. Hence the book has been written mainly from a clinical perspective, as the authors have a unique body of knowledge and experience in this arena.The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. [8] Folivora White, J.L.; MacPhee, R.D.E. (2001). "The sloths of the West Indies: a systematic and phylogenetic review". In Woods, C.A.; Sergile, F.E. (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Boca Raton, London, New York, and Washington, D.C.: CRC Press. pp.201–235. doi: 10.1201/9781420039481-14. ISBN 978-0-8493-2001-9. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021 . Retrieved 9 June 2020. They have made adaptations to arboreal browsing. Leaves, their main food source, provide very little energy or nutrients, and do not digest easily, so sloths have large, slow-acting, multi-chambered stomachs in which symbiotic bacteria break down the tough leaves. [39] As much as two-thirds of a well-fed sloth's body weight consists of the contents of its stomach, and the digestive process can take a month or more to complete. The Folivora are divided into at least eight families, only two of which have living species; the remainder are entirely extinct ( †): [8] a b "Overview". The Sloth Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017.