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Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD. Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage. 2004; 23:1486–1493. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Jenkins, K. (2020). Ontic injustice. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 6(2), 188–205. Chocolate is the most often craved food in Western societies, particularly among women [ 60, 61], and the food that people most often have problems with controlling consumption [ 27, 62]. It was already noted in 1989 that chocolate has a combination of high fat and high sugar content, which makes it a “hedonically ideal substance” [ 63] — an idea which is similar to speculations about “hyperpalatable” addictive foods some 25 years later [ 3, 27]. In addition to chocolate’s macronutrient composition, other factors like its sensory properties or psychoactive ingredients such as caffeine and theobromine also were discussed as contributors to the addictive-like nature of chocolate [ 64, 65]. However, the xanthine-based effects of chocolate have been found to be unlikely to explain liking for chocolate or its addiction-like consumption [ 61].

Boon, M. (2017). Philosophy of science in practice: A proposal for epistemological constructivism. Logic, methodology and philosophy of science–Proceedings of the 15th international congress. Transformation Maps are a great way to gain alignment with key stakeholders about the integrated plan to achieve a long term goal.There are added serrations at the front of the slide, a sop to popular demand more than a useful necessity unless you're going to mount a scope atop the pistol. Throughout this piece we have advocated for a closer engagement between philosophy and anthropology on the topic of ontology. One reason we have given as a motivation to strengthen this dialogue is an opportunity for philosophers to be more attentive and challenged by exploring and explaining diversity of interpretative domains. With this call for action, by no means do we claim that this variety is something philosophers have not been concerned with at all. Social constructivism, a theoretical approach which gained a lot of popularity throughout the second half of the twentieth century and whose conceptual historical lineage includes both Kant’s transcendental idealism and Marxism (Heartfield, 1996), is an excellent example of that. Social constructivism maintains that certain (or all, depending on the author) aspects of reality, such as for instance identities, are constituted by the social processes through which they emerge, rather than “naturally occurring” (ibid.). This influential idea, heavily criticized by some (Boghossian, 2007), and defended by others (e.g. Haslanger, 1995, 2003), still polarizes the philosophical and social scientific communities. In what follows we present an analysis of a prominent critique of social constructivism informed by the above considerations on ontological anthropology. Tulloch AJ, Murray S, Vaicekonyte R, Avena NM. Neural responses to macronutrients: hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology. 2015; 148:1205–1218. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13:635–641. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

In contrast to these concerns about validity and justification in philosophy, as we have seen throughout this analysis, the ontological turn in anthropology focuses on the methodological, epistemic, and political concerns that arise from encounters between radically different collectives. Therefore, while both anthropologists and philosophers have become increasingly concerned with ontological plurality, they often approach this plurality in strikingly different ways. As we have noted, whilst philosophers tend to focus on justification and validity of ontologies, anthropologists emphasize methodological, epistemic, and political concerns that arise from inter-ontological encounters. Chalmers, D., Manley, D., & Wasserman, R. (Eds.). (2009). Metametaphysics: New essays on the foundations of ontology. OUP Oxford. If food addiction research will be guided by the translation of DSM substance dependence criteria to food and eating in the future, an important question will be which implications arise from the changes in the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence in the fifth revision of the DSM for food addiction [ 114]. For example, are all addiction criteria (as described in the DSM-5) equally applicable to human eating behavior? If not, does this obliterate the concept of food addiction? In the early 2000s — approximately 40 years after OA was founded — a pilot study was published in which the treatment of bulimic and obese patients with a 12-step program was reported [ 71]. Besides this therapeutic approach, however, the focus of this decade was the examination of neural mechanisms underlying overeating and obesity that may parallel findings from substance dependence. In humans, these neural mechanisms were primarily investigated by positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. For example, a groundbreaking article by Wang and colleagues [ 72] reported lower striatal dopamine D 2 receptor availability in obese individuals as compared to controls, which the authors interpreted as a correlate of a “reward deficiency syndrome” similar to what has been found in individuals with substance dependence [ 73, 74]. Other studies, for example, found that similar brain areas are activated during the experience of food and drug craving, and studies in which neural responses to high-calorie food stimuli were investigated found that individuals with BN and BED exhibit higher activation in reward-related brain areas as compared to controls, just like individuals with substance dependence show higher reward-related activity in response to substance-related cues [ 75, 76].

Gearhardt AN, Davis C, Kuschner R, Brownell KD. The addiction potential of hyperpalatable foods. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2011; 4:140–145. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Giraldo, O. F. (2012). Presupuestos ontológicos para la Declaración Universal de los Derechos de la Madre Tierra. Luna Azul, 35, 78–93. Macdiarmid JI, Hetherington MM. Mood modulation by food: an exploration of affect and cravings in ‘chocolate addicts’ Br J Clin Psychol. 1995; 34:129–138. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Rogers PJ, Smit HJ. Food craving and food “addiction”: a critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2000; 66:3–14. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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