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a b Nishimura, Y.; Gallardo‐Lacourt, B.; Zou, Y.; Mishin, E.; Knudsen, D. J.; Donovan, E. F.; Angelopoulos, V.; Raybell, R. (16 April 2019). "Magnetospheric signatures of STEVE: Implication for the magnetospheric energy source and inter‐hemispheric conjugacy". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (11): 5637–5644. Bibcode: 2019GeoRL..46.5637N. doi: 10.1029/2019GL082460. What happens when you ask a bunch of losers, discipline cases, and misfits to save the galaxy from an ancient evil? The ancient evil wins, of course. Just as there are many types of aurora, there are many different mechanisms that accelerate auroral particles into the atmosphere. Electron aurora in Earth's auroral zone (i.e. commonly visible aurora) can be split into two main categories with different immediate causes: diffuse and discrete aurora. Diffuse aurora appear relatively structureless to an observer on the ground, with indistinct edges and amorphous forms. Discrete aurora are structured into distinct features with well-defined edges such as arcs, rays and coronas; they also tend to be much brighter than the diffuse aurora.
Chree, Charles (1911). "Aurora Polaris". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.2 (11thed.). pp.927–934. These two both include detailed descriptions of historical observations and descriptions. Conjugate auroras are nearly exact mirror-image auroras found at conjugate points in the northern and southern hemispheres on the same geomagnetic field lines. These generally happen at the time of the equinoxes, when there is little difference in the orientation of the north and south geomagnetic poles to the sun. Attempts were made to image conjugate auroras by aircraft from Alaska and New Zealand in 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971, with some success. [46] Causes [ edit ]
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Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes." Confusion. Vote on what to do next. Violence. Ship intervenes. Reveal of the fate of the twin ship. Town meetings. Settling of Iris. Half the ship departs for Earth. In 1778, Benjamin Franklin theorized in his paper Aurora Borealis, Suppositions and Conjectures towards forming an Hypothesis for its Explanation that an aurora was caused by a concentration of electrical charge in the polar regions intensified by the snow and moisture in the air: [88] [89] [90]
That aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125,000 miles (201,000km) of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off. [74] The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:
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The aurorae on Saturn seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. However, Jupiter's aurorae are more complex. Jupiter's main auroral oval is associated with the plasma produced by the volcanic moon Io, and the transport of this plasma within the planet's magnetosphere. An uncertain fraction of Jupiter's aurorae are powered by the solar wind. In addition, the moons, especially Io, are also powerful sources of aurora. These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, which have been studied since 1955. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, auroras over Io, Europa and Ganymede have all been observed.
Occurrence [ edit ] Earth's atmosphere as it appears from space, as bands of different colours at the horizon. From the bottom, afterglow illuminates the troposphere in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the stratosphere in white and blue. Next the mesosphere (pink area) extends to just below the edge of space at one hundred kilometers and the pink line of airglow of the lower thermosphere (dark), which hosts green and red aurorae over several hundred kilometers.Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?" Schield, M. A.; Freeman, J. W.; Dessler, A. J. (1969). "A Source for Field-Aligned Currents at Auroral Latitudes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 74 (1): 247–256. Bibcode: 1969JGR....74..247S. doi: 10.1029/JA074i001p00247.
Norrsken history". Irf.se. 12 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011. Aurora Borealis and the Telegraph". The British Colonist. Vol.2, no.56. Victoria, V.I. [Vancouver Island, B.C.]: Amor De Cosmos. 19 October 1859. p.1, col. 2. ISSN 0839-4229. OCLC 1115103262– via Internet Archive. Cue Tyler, Kal, and Auri: uniting with two of the galaxy’s most hated villains? Um, okay. That, too. Like the neolithic humans of Robinson’s last novel, Shaman, the characters in Aurora learn what it means to go chronically hungry. As in his kaleidoscopic 2312, terraforming new worlds proves much harder than fixing the environmental problems of our own beautiful planet – although we seem to be finding it difficult to do even that simple thing. Robinson is wise on the whys of this. As he puts it in Galileo’s Dream: “Fights over ideas are the most vicious of all. If it were merely food, or water, or shelter, we would work something out. But in the realm of ideas one can become idealistic.” Ideas simplify and metaphors distort. Reality is otherwise. Aurora’s ship’s computer notes: “Life is complex and entropy is real.” The novel dramatises these two great truths stunningly well. Ring A (Old World ecosystems): Tasmania; Himalayas; Yangtze; Siberia; Iran; Mongolia; the Steppes; the Balkans; Kenya; Bengal; Indonesia; Hokkaido
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Tromholt, Sophus (1881). "Om Nordlysets Perioder / Sur les périodes de l'aurore boréale [On the periods of the aurora borealis]". Meteorologisk Aarbog for 1880. Part 1 (in Danish and French). Copenhagen, Denmark: Danske Meteorologiske Institut. pp.I–LX.
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