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Cummings, J. L. (1991). Behavioral complications of drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 39(7), 708–716.

Consistent with prior studies using both Pavlovian tasks ( Day et al., 2006) and instrumental tasks ( McGinty et al., 2013), we found that a large proportion of NAc neurons (averaging ∼58%) exhibit excitatory responses to cues that are associated with reward. These cue-evoked excitations have been shown to encode the vigor of subsequent locomotor responses, e.g., approach to a reward-associated lever, including such factors as latency and speed, as well as the probability that a behavioral response will occur at all ( McGinty et al., 2013; Morrison and Nicola, 2014; Morrison et al., 2017). Interestingly, this encoding is much more prominent during tasks that require taxic approach – i.e., in which the cue elicits a novel action sequence – rather than praxic approach, in which the cue elicits one of a limited subset of possible actions ( McGinty et al., 2013). Indeed, NAc activity, as well as dopaminergic function, is specifically required for taxic but not praxic approach tasks ( Nicola, 2010).Following the devaluation/sham devaluation procedure (and before the consumption test), rats were given a test session of the Pavlovian paradigm in which no rewards were given (i.e., in extinction). Importantly, rats did not experience the taste of sucrose, or the relationship between the CS and sucrose, between the devaluation procedure and the test session. Therefore, any changes in CS-evoked behavior we observed must be explained by a representational cognitive process incorporating the updated value of the US.

Di Ciano P, Cardinal RN, Cowell RA, Little SJ, Everitt BJ (2001) Differential involvement of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core in the acquisition and performance of pavlovian approach behavior. J Neurosci 21:9471–9477. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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Zener K (1937) The significance of behavior accompanying conditioned salivary secretion for theories of the conditioned response. Am J Psychol 50:384–403 Chang SE, Wheeler DS, Holland PC (2012) Roles of nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala in autoshaped lever pressing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 97:441–451. 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.03.008 Parkinson JA, Roberts AC, Everitt BJ, Di Ciano P (2005) Acquisition of instrumental conditioned reinforcement is resistant to the devaluation of the unconditioned stimulus. Q J Exp Psychol B 58:19–30 On the day following saline injections, rats were given a test session in extinction. The test session was identical to the training sessions, except it consisted of only 20 trials and no rewards were delivered. Finally, rats were given a sucrose consumption test 1–3 h after completion of the test session, consisting of 20 min of access to 20 mL of 10% sucrose in their home cages. Data Analysis

Albertella L, Le Pelley ME, Chamberlain SR, Westbrook F, Fontenelle LF, Segrave R, Lee R, Pearson D, Yücel M (2019) Reward-related attentional capture is associated with severity of addictive and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Psychol Addict Behav 33:495–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000484 Rats were trained using a PCA procedure similar to those used previously ( Morrison et al., 2015; Tunstall and Kearns, 2015). Each training session began with illumination of the house light. Rats were initially trained over two sessions to retrieve sugar pellets (45 mg, Bio-Serv) from the magazine, with each session consisting of 50 rewards delivered on a variable interval schedule averaging 60 s. During the second magazine training session, rats were habituated to the recording apparatus (see below). Secondly, we employed an ancillary stimulus—a 1 s auditory tone—that coincided with the delivery of reward. We found that this stimulus facilitated training by (presumably) helping rats understand the temporal connection between CS offset and reward delivery; but it is possible that the tone increased the salience of the reward delivery event, helping to enhance the receptacle-reward association at the expense of the CS-reward association. Alternatively, or in addition, the tone might have taken on some of the incentive salience that would otherwise have been credited to the lever, thereby reducing lever-focused behavior. If the animal is familiar with the cue, for example by repeatedly presenting it alone, before it has ever been associated with a reward, ST is inhibited (this is known as latent inhibition). Prior exposure to the cue does not affect the emergence of GT responses directed at the food-delivery location. [22]Robinson, T. E., & Flagel, S. B. (2009). Dissociating the predictive and incentive motivational properties of reward-related cues through the study of individual differences. Biological Psychiatry, 65(10), 869–873. doi:S0006–3223(08)01094–9 [pii] 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.006. All statistical comparisons were performed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test (within-group comparisons) or a Wilcoxon rank sum test (across-group comparisons). Where appropriate, p-values are reported after correction for multiple comparisons by the Holm-Sidak method; an adjusted p< 0.05 was considered significant, and p< 0.1 (adjusted and/or unadjusted) was considered a trend toward significance. All regressions are linear and computed using the least-squares method. Results describes the motivational value that can be attributed to reward-associated cues. A cue attributed with incentive salience becomes a “motivational magnet” and attains the ability to control behavior, sometimes to an inordinate degree. Pavlovian conditional approach