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Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni. The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand, or about 62 mya. [33] While they were not as well-adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins, Waimanu were generally loon-like birds but already flightless, with short wings adapted for deep diving. [33] They swam on the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to most other diving birds (both living and extinct) – already adapting to underwater locomotion. [35] Sivak, J; Howland, H. C.; McGill-Harelstad, P (1987). "Vision of the Humboldt penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti) in air and water". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 229 (#1257): 467–72. Bibcode: 1987RSPSB.229..467S. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1987.0005. JSTOR 36191. PMID 2881308. S2CID 32860474. Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the little penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season. [77] Pingüino". Diccionario de la lengua española (in European Spanish) (22nded.). Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Del fr. pingouin

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 16, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chinstrap Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. Ashton, K. (2002). "Patterns of within-species body size variation of birds: strong evidence for Bergmann's rule". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 11 (#6): 505–523. doi: 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00313.x.

Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin actually live so far south. Several species live in the temperate zone; [63] [ failed verification] one, the Galápagos penguin, lives as far north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is only made possible by the cold, rich waters of the Antarctic Humboldt Current that flows around these islands. [64] Also, though the climate of the Arctic and Antarctic regions is similar, there are no penguins found in the Arctic. [65] Gálapagos Penguins Near Isabela Island An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means 'fat' or 'oil'. [16] Support for this etymology can be found in the alternative Germanic word for penguin, fettgans or 'fat-goose', and the related Dutch word vetgans.

I know this is really disappointing news. Penguins are simply so adorable that it’s hard to believe you’re not supposed to hug them. Fraser, Ian; Gray, Jeannie (2019). Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings. Clayton South, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp.86–87. ISBN 9781486311637. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Gentoo Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020.Humboldt Penguin: Saint Louis Zoo". Archived from the original on September 28, 2006 . Retrieved July 21, 2006. Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007). "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (#28): 11545–11550. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10411545C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611099104. PMC 1913862. PMID 17601778. a b Bertelli, S.; Giannini, N. P. (2005). "A phylogeny of extant penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) combining morphology and mitochondrial sequences". Cladistics. 21 (3): 209–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00065.x. S2CID 85071808. The evolutionary history of penguins is well-researched and represents a showcase of evolutionary biogeography. Although penguin bones of any one species vary much in size and few good specimens are known, the alpha taxonomy of many prehistoric forms still leaves much to be desired. Some seminal articles about penguin prehistory have been published since 2005; [3] [31] [32] [33] the evolution of the living genera can be considered resolved by now. Removal of the sledge dogs from Antarctica". Natural Environment Research Council – British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014.

Later, an interspersed period of slight warming was ended by the Middle Miocene Climate Transition, a sharp drop in global average temperature from 14 to 12 mya, and similar abrupt cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya; by the end of the Tortonian, the Antarctic ice sheet was already much like today in volume and extent. The emergence of most of today's Subantarctic penguin species almost certainly was caused by this sequence of Neogene climate shifts. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, England, UK: Helm Publishing. p.361. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. a b Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). Who Killed the Great Auk?. Oxford University Press (USA). p.152. ISBN 0-19-856478-3. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021 . Retrieved November 18, 2020. beautyofbirds.com". Beauty Of Birds. 2011. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021 . Retrieved April 17, 2021. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link)During the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene (40–30 mya), some lineages of gigantic penguins existed. Nordenskjoeld's giant penguin was the tallest, growing nearly 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) tall. The New Zealand giant penguin was probably the heaviest, weighing 80kg or more. Both were found on New Zealand, the former also in the Antarctic farther eastwards. Tambussi, C.; Hospitaleche, C. A. (2007). "Antarctic birds (Neornithes) during the Cretaceous–Eocene time" (PDF). Revista de la Asociación Geológica. 62 (4): 604–617. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2021 . Retrieved March 21, 2021. The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae. [26] Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis. [27] Taxonomy The great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, now extinct, was superficially similar to penguins, and the word penguin was originally used for that bird centuries ago. They are only distantly related to the penguins, but are an example of convergent evolution. [62] Isabelline penguins An isabelline Adélie penguin on Gourdin Island Always realize that you are in their habitat. It’s similar to if you suddenly had a stranger in your living room looking to randomly give you a hug. How To Make a Penguin Comfortable Around You