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Until recently only two species were recognised, G. religiosa and G. ptilogenys. Previously, all Gracula were considered to belong to a very variable species commonly called the hill myna. Three additional subspecies of G. religiosa are increasingly being considered as distinct species. Formerly, the Sri Lanka hill myna was considered to be a subspecies of the common hill myna, but today all major authorities recognise them as separate. Comparably, the Enggano, Nias, Tenggara, and southern hill mynas have traditionally been treated as subspecies of the common hill myna; a treatment still preferred by some authorities.

The Hill Myna is often detected by its loud shrill descending whistles followed by other calls. It is most vocal at dawn and dusk when it is found in small groups in forest clearings high in the canopy. This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern. Strengthen the control, monitoring and law enforcement of trade. All trade in Hill Myna's must be through the appropriate documented legal routes, and trade in G. robusta should be entirely restricted. A detailed program including considerable benefits to local communities must be developed and implemented, with the species 'Beo' as a source of regional pride and identity. Institutions should take steps to ensure that captive holdings are correctly identified, genetically, and conservation breeding should proceed with the intention of maintaining the integrity of the wild forms. Location InformationAccording to Wikipedia up until recently, only two species were recognised, Gracula religiosaand Gracula ptilogenys. Previously, all Graculas were considered to belong to a very variable species commonly called the Hill Myna. Klatt, Dennis H.; Stefanski, Raymond A. (1974). "How does a mynah bird imitate human speech?". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America (ASA). 55 (4): 822–832. doi: 10.1121/1.1914607. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 4833078. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Duke University menunjukkan bahwa beo merupakan unggas yang memiliki struktur otak unik. Dilansir dari National Geographic, perbedaan struktur otak burung membuatnya lihai dalam menirukan suara-suara.

Both sexes can produce an extraordinarily wide range of loud calls – whistles, wails, screeches, and gurgles, sometimes melodious and often very human-like in quality. Burung bernama latin Gracula enganensis ini termasuk omnivora yang memakan segala jenis makanan, mulai dari pakan hewani seperti serangga, hingga nabati berupa buah-buahan, nektar, dan lain sebagainya. 5. Beo Southern Beo, mamiang, atau tiong emas ( Gracula) adalah sejenis burung anggota suku Sturnidae ( jalak dan kerabatnya). Wilayah persebaran alaminya adalah mulai dari Sri Lanka, India, Himalaya, Asia Tenggara. Burung ini dapat ditemukan di dataran rendah hingga dataran tinggi lebih dari 2000m. Karena kemampuannya menirukan bahasa manusia, burung ini menjadi hewan peliharaan populer.

Klingholz, F. (1979). "Supplement to How does a mynah bird imitate human speech?[J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 822–832 (1974)]". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America (ASA). 65 (2): 537. doi: 10.1121/1.382314. ISSN 0001-4966. Gracula robustais highly desired as a songbird, perhaps even more so than the other Hill Mynas due to its large size and loud voice (Shepherd et al.2006, Harris et al.2015). Trade has seriously impacted this species, with significant population declines noted in recent years following the targeting of the form for the domestic cage bird trade. It has been reported to have become extinct within a very short time period on one island following the arrival of 'hundreds' of trappers sometime in 2010 (Eaton et al.2015), from previously having a small but apparently stable population there. The current population in the wild is tiny, and occurs on only two islands, and on one it appears to be solely supported by a project directly overseeing the final few birds and undertaking captive breeding. The threat of the capture of the entire remaining wild population is very real.

Hill Mynas do have different markings on their face which enable us to identify which of the subspecies they are. But in general their appearance and plumage are very similar. It is probably not found anymore in Bangladesh due to habitat destruction and overexploitation for the pet trade. A feral population on Christmas Island has likewise disappeared. Introduced populations exist in Puerto Rico and perhaps in the mainland USA and possibly elsewhere; feral birds require at least a warm subtropical climate to persist. Saat musim bertelur, beo punya kemampuan reproduksi mencapai 2-3 butir telur. Ukuran tubuhnya yang besar juga membuatnya tampak kokoh. Salah satu jenis beo, yaitu Beo Nias merupakan binatang identitas Sumatera Utara dan menjadi salah satu jenis burung paling populer di Indonesia. Jenis Burung Beo Beo Jawa bisa dijumpai di hutan-hutan pegunungan serta wilayah perbukitan. Meskipun namanya mengusung kata “Jawa”, tetapi spesies ini tidak hanya terdapat di Pulau Jawa, melainkan juga bisa ditemukan di kawasan Asia Selatan hingga Asia Tenggara. 3. Beo Srilanka Meskipun jarang ada di Indonesia, potensinya untuk dikembangbiakkan di Indonesia masih sangat terbuka. 4. Beo EngganoThe French word for the bird mainate is probably derived from the Indo-Portuguese mainato, from the name of a songbird living near water, and is probably a metaphor since it refers to a man whose job is to wash the clothes of others. [2] Description [ edit ] G. r. religiosa Linnaeus, 1758 – the eastern hill myna; the Greater Sundas (except Sulawesi) and Peninsular Malaysia

Finally, the Hill mynas frugivore diet aids in the pollination of forest trees and in seed dispersal. Economic Importance for Humans: Negative There are potentially two populations, though there are only two recent records of wild individuals on one island and the situation there may be complicated by possible releases that may have taken place. Any wild population on this island numbers fewer than 50 mature individuals. The species has recently been found to still occur at one other island, where the species is currently well-protected and estimated at at least 250 individuals (F. Rheindt in litt. 2020). Overall the population is estimated at between 250-400 individuals, roughly equivalent to 160-270 mature individuals. Concern over poaching from this island is very high, although rangers have been in place supported by a regional NGO to reduce the risk (F. Rheindt in litt. 2020). However on another island within the former range, the species is apparently now extinct, having disappeared following a period of intense trapping on the island, which principally targeted White-rumped Shama (Eaton et al.2016). Threats Gracula robustais highly desired as a songbird, perhaps even more so than the other Hill Mynas due to its large size and loud voice (Shepherd et al.2006, Harris et al.2015). Trade has seriously impacted this species, with significant population declines noted in recent years following the targeting of the form for the domestic cage bird trade. It has been reported to have become extinct within a very short time period on one island following the arrival of 'hundreds' of trappers sometime in 2010 (Eaton et al.2015), from previously having a small but apparently stable population there. The current population in the wild is tiny, and occurs on only two islands, and on one it appears to be solely supported by a project directly overseeing the final few birds and undertaking captive breeding. The threat of the capture of the entire remaining wild population is very real. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p.176. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. If your bird is now chatting and responding to you during the daily routine (start here if you’re new to teaching your bird to talk) then you can move on to new words and phrases. Start with the simple words and then build up to the phrases. By adding a word one at a time… The southern hill myna is present in southwestern India and Sri Lanka. It inhabits tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, mountains, mangrove forests and plantation areas. [3] It is usually found high in the canopy, moving in large noisy groups of about half a dozen, in treetops at the edge of the forest. It hops sideways along the branch. Like most starlings, the hill myna is omnivorous, eating fruit, nectar and insects.G. r. peninsularis Whistler& Kinnear, 1933 – the Bastar hill myna; central India (the state bird of Chhattisgarh, India)