Female Masculinity

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Machismo (exaggerated masculinity) - Encyclopædia Britannica" (onlineed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc . Retrieved 6 March 2015. Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods. [8] Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in Western society include strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness. [9] [10] [11] [12] When women's labor participation increased, there were men who felt less comfortable in their masculinity because it was increasingly difficult for them to reconfirm their status as the breadwinner. [13]

Feminine-looking men tended to come out earlier after being labeled gay by their peers. More likely to face bullying and harassment throughout their lives, [62] they are taunted by derogatory words (such as " sissy") implying feminine qualities. Effeminate, " campy" gay men sometimes use what John R. Ballew called "camp humor", such as referring to one another by female pronouns (according to Ballew, "a funny way of defusing hate directed toward us [gay men]"); however, such humor "can cause us [gay men] to become confused in relation to how we feel about being men". [65] He further stated: Masculine women have a higher baseline level of male hormones like testosterone. This is reflected in their physiology in several ways.

Paloian, Andrea. "The Female/Athlete Paradox: Managing Traditional Views of Masculinity and Femininity". Applied Psychology Opus. New York University. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019 . Retrieved 21 March 2018. Magazines 'traditional masculinity harmful' ". LA Times. 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019 . Retrieved 13 January 2019. Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, [1] and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. [1] [2] [3] [4] To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. [2] [3] [4] It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, [5] [6] as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. [7] Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. Similarly, some girls are more feminine and enjoy playing with dolls, while others are more into masculine stuff.

Thomas, R. Murray (2001), " Feminist perspectives", in Thomas, R. Murray, ed. (2001). Recent theories of human development. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. p.248. ISBN 9780761922476. Gender feminists also consider traditional feminine traits (gentleness, modesty, humility, sacrifice, supportiveness, empathy, compassion, tenderness, nurturance, intuitiveness, sensitivity, unselfishness) morally superior to the traditional masculine traits (courage, strong will, ambition, independence, assertiveness, initiative, rationality and emotional control). Dominance and aggression are typical male traits that may also be seen in masculine women. These traits make a masculine woman overbearing to others. She may take martial arts classes and even resort to physical aggression when needed. Masculine women tend to be daring. High testosterone levels lead to risky behavior. Masculine women are outspoken and opinionated. They’re not afraid of conflict.Kawakami, Christine; White, Judith B.; Langer, Ellen J. (January 2000). "Mindful and Masculine: Freeing Women Leaders From the Constraints of Gender Roles". Journal of Social Issues. 56 (1): 49–63. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00151. Creighton, Genevieve; Oliffe, John L (2010). "Theorising masculinities and men's health: A brief history with a view to practice". Health Sociology Review. 19 (4): 413. doi: 10.5172/hesr.2010.19.4.409. S2CID 143771206.

Strate, Lance (1989). "The mediation of nature and culture in beer commercials". New Dimensions in Communications, Proceedings of the 47th Annual New York State Speech Communication Association Conference III. 1989: 92–95. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017.Worell, Judith (2001). Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender. San Diego, California: Academic Press. p. 835. ISBN 978-0122272455. Shaw, Ping; Tan, Yue (18 February 2014). "Race and Masculinity: A Comparison of Asian and Western Models in Men's Lifestyle Magazine Advertisements". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 91 (1): 118–138. doi: 10.1177/1077699013514410. S2CID 145119356. Broom, Alex; Tovey, Philip, eds. (2009). Men's health: body, identity, and social context. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470516560.

Lawson, Robert (2013). "The construction of 'tough' masculinity: Negotiation, alignment and rejection". Gender and Language. 7 (3): 369–395. doi: 10.1558/genl.v7i3.369.

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Scholars have debated the extent to which gender identity and gender-specific behaviors are due to socialization versus biological factors. [4] :29 [41] [42] Social and biological influences are thought to be mutually interacting during development. [4] :29 [3] :218–225 Studies of prenatal androgen exposure have provided some evidence that femininity and masculinity are partly biologically determined. [2] :8–9 [3] :153–154 Other possible biological influences include evolution, genetics, epigenetics, and hormones (both during development and in adulthood). [4] :29–31 [2] :7–13 [3] :153–154 Scholars suggest that innate differences between the sexes are compounded or exaggerated by the influences of social factors. [43] [44] [45] However, others have pointed to the fact that personality differences between the sexes are seen to increase with increased levels of egalitarianism. [46] Social construction of masculinity [ edit ] a b ifsbutscoconuts (23 March 2014). "The butch factor: masculinity from a gay male perspective (blog)". Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2015.